APPLICATIONS OF UNMANNED AERIAL

VEHICLES: A REVIEW

Haque Nawaz

Shaheed Zulkar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) Karachi,

Sindh, and

Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

E-mail: hnlashari@smiu.edu.pk

Husnain Mansoor Ali

Shaheed Zulkar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh,

Pakistan.

E-mail: husnain.mansoor@szabist.edu.pk

Shaq-ur-Rehman Massan

Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi,

Sindh, Pakistan.

E-mail: srmassan@hotmail.com

Recepción: 29/07/2019 Aceptación: 19/09/2019 Publicación: 06/11/2019

Citación sugerida:

Nawaz, H., Ali, H.M. y Massan, S.U.R. (2019). Applications of unmanned aerial vehicles:

a review. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Edición Especial, Noviembre

2019, 85-105. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.85-105

Suggested citation:

Nawaz, H., Ali, H.M. & Massan, S.U.R. (2019). Applications of unmanned aerial vehicles:

a review. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. Speciaal Issue, November 2019,

85-105. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2019.specialissue3.85-105

3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254–4143

ABSTRACT

In recent development period of modern technology, the ying automatons UAVs

(unmanned aerial vehicles) need are increasing day by day for dierent applications.

However, this is an important area to explore and review the vicinity where UAVs

can be deployed for a specic application. In this study, researchers have explored the

usage of UAVs according to the areas of application in this domain. These vehicles

can y in various circumstances and zones and are capable to perform various

missions. The paper presents the numerous applications of UAVs according to the

current need of the autonomous technology in various areas of agriculture, military

and civilian usage of the modern age. In this article, the applications of UAVs are

studied and summarized in tabular form.

KEYWORDS

UAV, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Applications areas of UAVs, Agriculture, Military,

Civilian applications.

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1. INTRODUCTION

The UAVs are known as the ying robots, airborne devices that do not convey signals

to human administrator but they y remotely, self-suciently to convey lethal or

non-lethal shipments. A disaster is a characteristic of hazards bringing about the

occasion of large degree causing critical physical harm or damage including loss of

life or intense nature (Militaru, Popescu, & Ichim, 2018). The characterization as

any shocking occasion originating from natural incidents. For example, earthquakes,

accidents, oods, re or blast. It can make harm to lives, property and destroy the

nancial, social or cultural life of individuals. There are numerous approaches to

scale typical disasters. Misadventures can be mounted for limited inuenced region

or population from the expulsion to steadily spreading when it occurs or in numerous

dierent routes depending upon the condition. This paper makes use of specically

a few calamities, for example, earthquakes, oods, atomic mishaps, and jungle res,

anyway conclusively communicate that point is so gigantic, all displayed work is

simply touching the surface.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Before going through the detail rst we should see how UAVs takeo and function.

We have to know the fundamentals of development and structure of a typical UAVs.

Dierent UAVs are made of numerous kind of light fused materials in order to

lighter the weight and expand the rate of mobility while ying, can be additionally

installed with other needful equipment’s, including camera, GPS (global positioning

system), GPS guided rockets, navigation, sensors (Chen & Gao, 2019). The UAVs

The dierent type of UAVs are available in the market, it depends upon cost, an

expansive assortment of shapes, sizes, capacities, and functions. The present models

can be launched manually and can be controlled by remotes or from special ground

cockpits. The simplied UAVs are developed for commercial applications. The

vehicle is reasonable and suitable for kids since they are easy to move but dicult to

control and are found in multiple varieties. The waterproof engine frame is one of

the fundamental parts of each UAV other than this ight engine controllers, motors,

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transmitter and collector, propellers, and batteries are some other energy cradle

(Sładkowski & Kamiński, 2019).

In addition, escape UAVs is very eective or it is the sole tool for supporting disaster

management. Just in case of the nuclear accidents a number of the foremost

information square measures are there to sturdy the emission. What’s the aected

location currently is and the way quick spreading the emission. In most cases, we

know that emission is limitedly allowed for human. Therefore, for any man-on-board

operation, it’s simply dangerous, however even useless for human, if there are many

and similar eective resolutions. Observant and observance the emission sometimes

created by aerials that mean these days, not simply man-on-board resolution however

conjointly for UAVs application (Sugisaka, 2011).

It may be a speedy escalating disaster. Where no alternative method for speedy injury

assessment is available then an aerial reconnaissance is the solution. For special

rescue groups, the UAVs application will facilitate a very speedy location choice in

abundance. The earthquake may be a disaster that is broke with none pre-sign and

inicting not simply seriously building damages however conjointly several deaths.

The possibility for surviving of individuals at bay in folded buildings depends in the

main on the injury forms of the aected buildings. A speedy mapping of aected

space is incredibly necessary not only assessing damages however additional to

optimize sources. The restricted resource, the tiny UAVs is often the best solution for

speedy mapping (Yamazaki, Matsuda, Denda, & Liu, 2015).

Flood is a type of disaster. The authority or disaster management head oce has a

large amount of data for the prediction of size and intensity of heaviness of disaster.

The slow ood development in repeatedly giant aecting the space, voters, and trees.

Though UAVs it is easy to facilitate the situation, around a restricted space and it

helps the management. As a pre-disaster activity, UAVs follow the stream of rivers and

collect the dam’s status. In the case of un-usual recognition, the authority will react in

time to look after the situation. This activity is incredibly elastic while the ight patrol

will be optimized counting on time or alternative work load. While exaggerated areas

are usually outsized. However, supervising oods by aerial is normally suered from

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controlled sources. Hence, UAVs will support disaster management at a native level.

The task needs military science or operational UAVs (Liu et al., 2014).

Flood is normally for a slow inception disaster. In the peculiarity, managing ood

may be an extremely complicated and troublesome task and it needs continuous

observation of the ood and threatened areas. The UAVs will facilitate to authorities

mostly keep a neighborhood underneath observation.

The UAVs can be used for replace recognition, observation and conjointly for the

post-re execution. The UAVs applications of re management are denitely the

foremost incontestable activity among all disasters. The police investigation is hot spots

aerial prior to reportage by civilians those clearly helps hearth authorities limiting the

cause of the re damages. It has studied that, the reason why this methodology is not

perpetually used for its vast price through aerial devices. If this procedure fashioned

by UAV is an inexpensive resolution than the standard one that possibility of UAV

use that higher resolution (United States Patent Nº US20130134254A1, 2013).

At huge res, exploitation manned craft for bombing water or simply for supporting

data the reconnaissance mission could be a traditional procedure. On the other

hand, the little res don’t need aerial support, these area units managed by ancient

instrumentality. The hearth size is larger than management might be suppressing it

with success simply with ancient instrumentality. However not enough giant asking

manned craft for facilitating. During this manned craft is economically clearly not

eective. However, the answer is similar to the UAVs which is cheaper than the

utilization of manned aircraft.

In this century in the eld of medical sciences, the UAVs will provide rst aid to

the team need medical services like dispensing to faraway and arduous locations.

These help in identifying the injured in critical areas and distribute necessary supply

until the medical squad team arrives. These types of UAVs are being placed in the

market. It can be helpful and have an important impact on the drugs eld because it

will provide its helpful amenities that as a result augment the remedial services (Bitar,

Jamal, Sultan, Alkandari, & El-Abd, 2017).

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Unfavorable climate means low visibility of weather condition that causes a severe

impact on the safety and operations of drivers on an interstate highway. It disturbs

the driver and vehicle performance. In this situation, no one can rescue through

conventional vehicles. The observing of climate sometimes causes similar issues of

visibility impairments, precipitation, high winds, and temperature. This extreme

issue has an eect on the competences of the driver and the performance of the

vehicle. However, the UAVs plays an important role in monitoring the weather

condition through the highway. Same as of fog issue the visibility distance is reduced

which ends up and multiplied speed. That increment will enhance the risks of a crash

(Dandois, Olano, & Ellis, 2015).

The Improving farmer’s yields in the conventional system are very dicult nowadays.

However, in the current era, digital and technological advancement modify the

farmer’s yields and performance increased through the use of technology. The

matter of feeding an international population this can be more sophisticated with the

problems of environmental impact, the necessity to scale back water waste, eliminate

chemical break out, and greenhouse gas emissions. The current technology will pay

to these issues and establish farming processes. Maximum members should be part

of this enhancement. The giant farms will take pleasure in a variety of applicable

knowledge to extend the amount of yields the source of food from an equivalent

space. The latest technology involvement can improve the nance, agriculture and

improve the performance of farmers and increase the yield that leads towards better

prots. The small farm may become smart due to technology usage and it will boost

the crops. However, the UAVs are the smart vehicle which can be deployed for smart

farming. In these days the UAVs are mostly used in the developed countries for smart

farming, these devices play an important role in exactitude farming, crop health

analysis, observance stock, and dierent agricultural uses has been deemed a game

changer by one exactitude agriculture professional mechanism (Burwood-Taylor,

2017; Garcia-Ruiz et al., 2013; Gonzalez-Dugo et al., 2013; Lu, Nagata, & Watanabe,

2017; Zhang & Kovacs, 2012).

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3. APPLICATION AREAS OF UAVS

The following are the areas of UAVs applications which have been explored in this

research study, are agriculture, military, and civilian usage. Each has been discussed

as:

4. AGRICULTURE USAGE

Agriculture is an important area of research which can be improved by modern

technology. The feeding of human beings is totally depending upon agricultural

crops. The traditional method is not fullling the demands of the market. And, the

population is increasing with linearity with respect to time. However, the matter of

feeding of the massive population at international level is going to raise the problem

due to low cultivation and production of agricultural goods. This can be more

sophisticated with the problems of environmental impact, the necessity to scale back

water waste, eliminate chemical break out, and greenhouse gas emissions. The new

digital technology will contribute to solve these issues and establish proper farming

processes by introducing smart farming (Garcia-Ruiz et al., 2013).

Agricultural farming can be improved by using UAVs technology. By introducing

a new methodology of cultivation. For example, the soil analysis mechanism, crop

spray technique, monitoring of crops, irrigation system reconnaissance should be

carried out by these UAVs and timely prevent the crops and can improve the yields

production (Zhang & Kovacs, 2012). Dierent purposes of using UAVs are discussed

below:

4.1. UAV IN ANALYSIS OF FIELD SOIL

The UAVs can be the initial stage of the cycle applies for the crop to create 3-D

mappings for early soil analysis that is useful. Installing the UAVs-driven soil analysis

it provides data that can be used for irrigation and nitrogen level management, and

the steps can be taken for proper fertilizer dosages that can be given to crops to

protect the soil fertilization. Through this mechanism, the soil will get the proper

nutrients and increase with healthy growth (Lu et al., 2017).

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4.2. UAV IN HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF CROPS

The dierent health issues in crops take place, however, it is necessary here to discuss

the plant’s, crops health. It spots bacterial or fungal infections. The crop scanning,

assessment is essential for providing an immediate remedy as cultivation of eld is

not aected. Hence the conventional method of assessment is not more useful in the

future by using visible and near-infrared light individually. The UAVs are the best

assessment approaches through which the scanning of crops are very easy to identify

the diseases and agronomy measures can be taken for proper production (Wu et al.,

2018).

4.3. UAV IN PLANT PREVENTION SPRAY

The equipment which can measure from far a distance with the help of ultrasonic or

echoing and lasers technology used for detection of light, and set the range of LiDR

that enables the UAVs to set altitude with respect to topography and landscape.

However, this type of mechanism available in UAVs, that why it is possible for UAVs

to do the scanning of land to perform spray activities using the exact quantity of

liquid and to modulate the actual distance from the ground. In the result with a

reduction of penetrated chemicals amount into groundwater will increase the

eciency. According to the expert’s estimation, the spray which can be completed

with the help of UAVs is ve times faster as compared to manual or traditional

machinery (Garcia-Ruiz et al., 2013).

4.4. UAV IN MONITORING CROP

With the passage of time, dierent areas are being monitored in a dierent way

such that crops are not left behind. However, the monitoring system of crops is not

appropriate usually, so the unpredictable weather conditions also aect this process.

However, satellite photography is the major and superior form of observation with

some disadvantages due to the low quality of images the decision could not be taken

properly sometimes (Lu et al., 2017). Hence UAVs are very important for monitoring

the crops and for collecting correct high-quality images for taking the right decision

through this monitoring approach.

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4.5. UAV IN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

UAVs multi spectral, hyper spectral or thermal sensors can discover the needs of the

eld that which part of the eld is dry and have need of improvements. In addition,

as the crop is growing once, the UAVs can start the computation of the foliage index.

This index elaborate the practical concentration and physical condition of the eld

crops and exhibit the total of energy and the temperature emitted from the crops

(Jiménez-Bello, Royuela, Manzano, Zarco-Tejada, & Intrigliolo, 2013)

5. MILITARY USAGE

The UAVs have a variety of applications within the military and defense area (Bucaille

et al., 2013; Tesfa-Alem Tekle, 2013). UAVs can be used in military operations that

develop interest nowadays. Actually, the technology started within the military that

may blow your mind away. UAVs are used for varied military operations because of

high convenience to reduce the losses and facilitate the execution of the status of the

mission. It has been studied that France had the thought of developing a craft that

had no human pilot on board to be utilized in warfare. Initially, these crafts were used

throughout Vietnam. Military UAVs square measure a part of an outsized system

that is associated with remote-controlled craft System, a term that encompasses

the entire system with the bottom management and sensors being factored. The

square measures have many categories and therefore the dierence relies on weights.

Military UAVs can be classied according to their operations, these UAVs performs

the operation for specic targets and decoy to provide intelligence, which can be

used in combat. However, in this modern era, the traditional craft is not appropriate

for these missions. In the recent, period the UAVs are used which can trigger the

information remotely and play an important role within the resolution of future

military usage. The swarm of UAVs concept is used to collect the information and

for taking some square measures. The variety of applications and usage of UAVs for

military operations are discussed as follows.

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5.1. UAV IN BOMB RECOGNITION

The slight size of the UAVs sometimes penetrates constricted areas. The elevation

of eective cameras that makes capable of UAVs for performing an appropriate

functionality of bomb recognition. These UAVs are created by the United States

for triggering the alerts about the undercharged bombs and save the human lives

(Sathyamoorthy, 2015).

5.2 UAV IN SURVEILLANCE

To substantiate security in the region, mostly the surveys take place in the selected

locations. The conventional mechanism is not appropriate which ensure the security

in the period of digital technology. However, UAVs are very important to perform

the surveillance that is might noteworthy solution, it will not only reduce strive and

you get a wider eld of the geographical area but also get more information with

limitation of smaller time. This conjointly doesn’t hamper the lives of the individuals

but an easy and economical solution (Yang et al., 2019).

5.3. UAV IN AIR STRIKE

The UAVs are used to intending of Air strikes. It was declared by a political entity

that they used these UAVs for often to attack militants of the Asian countries. It

hovers around the highlighted suspected areas and controlled by defense authorities.

It can be deployed for a particular area to satisfy the military operations or to get

information about subject data. However, the authors recommending the ndings of

the article concerning the enforcement of UAVs (Clary & Narang, 2019).

5.4. UAV IN SECURITY

The prompt implementation of UAVs is necessary for the purpose of security. In

addition, the condentiality point of view, UAVs engaged by voyeurs and paparazzi

to get images of inhabitant groups in their residences or dissimilar places formerly

implicit to be individual. The UAVs swarm can be installed in deemed areas which

are almost certainly unsafe, like metropolitan areas and near to the landing eld

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means airports. However, UAVs plays a vital role in the provisioning of security.

It is an important area, the researcher can further explore in depth (Hein, Kraft,

Brauchle, & Berger, 2019).

6. UAV IN CIVILIAN USAGE

The civilian applications of UAVs are photography, shipping and delivery, rescue in

disaster management, rescue operations, archaeological survey, safety inspection, life

observance, weather forecasting and livestock surveillance which is discussed below.

6.1. UAV IN PHOTOGRAPHY

The aerial photography is one of the glorious applications of UAVs. This technology

equipped and holds signicant camera gear that would extremely facilitate enthusiasts

in delivering the aerial views of the precise regions. UAVs aerial photography

may provide you with crisp and clear pictures. And have the options of live Wi-Fi

streaming, you’re conjointly entitled to urge person views of the UAVs movements.

Live broadcasting of aerial footage is changing the most eective UAVs for motion-

picture photography (Bravo, Leiras, & Oliveira, 2019). The UAVs perform a

signicant role which would extremely facilitate the regions (Li & Yang, 2012).

6.2. UAV IN SHIPPING AND DELIVERY

The shipping and delivery application of UAVs is also an important area; this

concept is a revolutionary idea of modern times. It reduces the delivery times and

improves the performance of the system and decrease the individual manual labor,

such as, distribute the pizzas, correspondence, small parcel packages, the automatic

UAVs provide services to society but still limitedly. DHL has dispatched parcel and

deliver with a UAV. As a matter of reality, Amazon is functioning on its resources to

facilitate the services by using UAVs in 30 minutes delivery. If this is often delivered

at execution, over 1/2 you are looking for food orders may be placed inside a span of

a number of minutes, UAVs delivering your packages at your doorstep in minutes.

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These types of civil services carried out by UAVs in the future (Perna & Rodrigues,

2018).

6.3. UAV IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

The foremost necessary application of pilotless UAVs can be used for disaster

management. It is usually observed that the complete anarchy takes place in the

direction of resources in a moment once a disaster occurs. In this situation, the UAVs

plays an important responsibility to rescue the operation team in the aected area.

These UAVs have powerful and special cameras through which the aected peoples,

properties highlighted through footages and then save the human beings (Erdelj,

Natalizio, Chowdhury, & Akyildiz, 2017).

6.4. UAV IN RESCUE OPERATIONS

In the rescue operations and care, UAVs can be launched through the ood areas.

These are more helpful for provisioning of food and medicines to those human

resources which are out of reach of these facilities before the reaching of rescue

team assistance. The UAVs are the primary solution to be used to provide necessary

products which can save human lives during this dicult time. The ood aected

region data can be easily collected through aerial view during the rescue operations

(Scherer et al., 2015).

6.5. UAV IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Many individuals have spent lots of time and energy over archaeological surveys.

Nowadays, UAVs are used for this work. It is easier, as they will bring necessary

information concerning archaeological sites through the aerial view. UAVs

archaeological surveys will consider the mission of discovery as well (Saleri et al.,

2013).

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6.6. UAV IN GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING

The UAVs have a massive impact in the eld of 3-D geographic mapping. In the

globe, there are numerous areas, regions which could not accessible to humans. This

may embody hazardous coastline, unrealizable peaks of mountains. Except for the

aim of learning about a parcel in addition to making ready 3-D maps UAVs place to

use. Geographic mapping through UAVs is very signicant to make ensure capturing

the required locations, sites for mapping processes. It is easier for a geologist to gather

essential information nowadays all the way through UAVs (Sun, Wang, & Zhong,

2018).

6.7. UAV IN HUMAN HEALTH

The UAVs are advanced technology devices which can be used in many risk-based

human health remedies. The risk means such as, plethora disease that is caused due

to stagnant contaminated water having mosquitoes and houseies. Hence due to

these tiny mosquitoes, the diseases spread in Pakistan, India, Thailand, Cambodia,

Srilanka, and Brazil. The dengue is a famous disease which aects these countries

population and spreads very fast and very critical to handle. However, the UAVs can

be used to locate the dengue spots or the ponds of dirty water in the environment

and the rapid measures can be taken for remedies which cause the health problems

(Sreeram & Shanmugam, 2018).

6.8. UAV IN LIVESTOCK SURVEILLANCE

The livestock surveillance is a more reliable solution through UAVs to scan the

large area very easily for counting the animals throughout making the videos. The

animal can be tracked or analyzed through the recorded video or images (Chamoso,

Raveane, Parra, & González, 2014). The UAVs have been considered for livestock

monitoring, several peoples do not know that UAVs are used for monitoring the

cattle in real, they know that this is science ction. Tracking the livestock in huge

farms is very dicult, however, the UAVs is a novel solution for surveillance of dairy

cattle’s (Barbedo & Koenigkan, 2018). These UAVs are important for inspecting of

availability of water and food for the livestock. Hence, by using these tiny devices that

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can save the time of farmers from tedious work. To keep the cattle’s out of the reach

of thieves within the ranch can be possible through UAVs tracking and remain up-to-

date about the animal counts. The UAVs are equipped with thermal sensors through

these the animal health can be monitored (AG. TECH., 2016).

6.9. UAV IN SAFETY INSPECTION

The safety is an important factor for individual, society, organization, and nation.

Hence, safety measures, inspections are essential in this modern age. However, to

perform regular inspections to make sure about safety and security is considered

on high priority. So at the national level, the aerial inspection is mandatory for

safety. Therefore the UAVs can be used for safety by the brink of capturing the

representational process which will provide an additional careful plan for safety and

development (Choi & Kim, 2015).

6.10. UAV IN LIFE OBSERVANCE

The life observance of the lakes and rivers. For example, why millions of useful

birds are vulnerable due to lack of feed and diseases. Hence aerial observations and

footages facilitate to know the behavior of birds and analyze the data and collect the

required statistics. However, UAVs perform this operation without disturbing the

bird’s life. Besides this, UAVs can be used in the dark with thermal cameras, sensors

to observe these birds at any times. Millions of life sanctuaries and conservation

parks area can be observed (Ward, Hensler, Alsalam, & Gonzalez, 2016).

6.11. UAV IN WEATHER FORECASTING

The application of UAVs is weather forecasting that means the prediction of climate

conditions. Hence, these UAVs can be used in hurricanes, tornado, and provides

the essential footages, in addition, test the patterns and occurrence. However, UAVs

are an economical solution to perform the operation of weather prediction (Cecil,

2018). While the UAVs sni out an impending storm or on another hand, some

threatening interruption, the additional UAVs can be launched. For this, the swarm

of UAVs that can communicate with each other on how nest to cross-examine that

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area of the environment, by collecting more data, by using dierent mobility models

as per need. Slighter, dispensable winged UAVs are dropped into the storm, which

can gather more samples.

Table 1 shows a summary of unmanned aerial vehicles applications.

Table 1. Summary of UAVs Applications.

Summary of UAVs Applications

S. N.º

Category of

Application

UAVs Applications

Agriculture

Usage

Analysis of eld soil

Health assessment of crops

Plant prevention spray

Monitoring crop

Irrigation system

Military

Usage

Bomb recognition

Military surveillance

Air strikes

Military security

Civilian

Usage

Photography

Shipping and delivery

Disaster management

Rescue operation

Archeological survey

Geographic mapping

Human Health

Livestock surveillance

safety Inspection

Life observance

Weather forecasting

7. CONCLUSION

In this study, the applications of UAVs explored with respect to the modern needs

of society. The variety of applications meets the current demand. Three categories

100

101

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of UAVs applications are focused which are agricultural usage, military usage,

and civilian usage. Each category has a variety of applications. Furthermore, it is

a signicant area for the advancement of technology usage. However, researchers

can explore this domain of technology according to society needs and can develop

testbed scenarios for dierent purposes and evaluate each application domain. These

vehicles can y in various circumstances and zones and can perform various missions.

8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to articulate the heartfelt thanks to my mentor and guide; and also we

are grateful to the management of SZABIST for their continuous support, guidance,

and provision of resources. In addition, we would like to indebt the mysterious critics

for their helpful and valuable observation remarks and suggestions which denitely

helped us in the improvement of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

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their Livestock. Retrieved from: https://dairynow.ca/using-drones-for-monitoring-

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Barbedo, J., & Koenigkan, L. (2018). Perspectives on the use of unmanned aerial

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