3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme. ISSN: 2254 – 4143 Edición Especial Special Issue Noviembre 2020
161
VULNERABILITY OF THE SOILS OF METROPOLITAN
LIMA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH URBAN
SUSTAINABILITY
Raúl Méndez Gutiérrez
National University Federico Villarreal, (Peru).
E-mail: rmendez@unfv.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5644-483X
Doris Esenarro Vargas
National University Federico Villarreal, (Peru).
E-mail: desenarro@unfv.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7186-9614
Pedro Amaya Pingo
National University Federico Villarreal, (Peru).
E-mail: pamaya@unfv.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9123-0124
Ciro Rodriguez Rodriguez
National University Mayor de San Marcos, (Peru).
E-mail: crodriguezro@unmsm.edu.pe ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2112-1349
Recepción:
13/11/2020
Aceptación:
13/11/2020
Publicación:
13/11/2020
Citación sugerida Suggested citation
Méndez, R., Esenarro, D., Amaya, P., y Rodriguez, C. (2020). Vulnerability of the soils of
Metropolitan Lima and their relationship with urban sustainability. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación
aplicadas a la pyme. Edición Especial, Noviembre 2020, 161-177. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2020.
specialissue6.161-177
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ABSTRACT
This research work has a great inuence on the physical security of the urban infrastructure
and the citizens of our capital city, that is why it is necessary to apply prevention strategies
since our city is located in a very vulnerable area to seismic events, mainly huaycos, oods and
landslides, settlements, landslides and other supercial mass movements, so it is necessary
to have knowledge of the causes and eects of these phenomena, the dierent types and
carrying capacity of soils in the districts of Metropolitan Lima, in order to contribute to
the knowledge of the degree of vulnerability in which urban areas, marginal urban areas,
human settlements are exposed. In conclusion, surveys of public servants allowed us to
determine that only 55% of them know the meaning of risk and vulnerability, so 45%
are totally unaware of these terms. Likewise, surveys of the general public on the lack of
a prevention culture, 83% indicated that they did, hence the need to apply a course or
training on disaster risk management issues at all educational levels.
KEYWORDS
Metropolitan Lima, Urban sustainability, Bearing capacity, Soil vulnerability.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The present work called “Management of the Vulnerability of the Soils of Metropolitan
Lima and its Relationship with Urban Sustainability” has been developed considering the
importance of providing real theoretical, practical and statistical knowledge of the risks
of disasters resulting from the vulnerability of soils and the latent threats or hazards in
our community, which due to the lack of knowledge and implementation of preventive
measures have caused a high rate of deaths and injuries, aecting the physical infrastructure
works and socioeconomic activities of our capital city.
Metropolitan Lima is a city that is immersed in a process of urbanization having as factors
the economic, social and environmental aspects, without considering a true urban planning
that allows its integral development. The process of disorderly growth conditions the factors
of vulnerability in the urban space which gives rise to a risk of disasters due to the dangers
of earthquakes, oods, huaycos, etc., which threatens the physical safety of the population,
urban infrastructure and the socio-economic development of the city (Alvarado et al., 2020).
It is important to consider an integral approach that contemplates the factors of vulnerability
of our city considering the studies of grounds where the buildings are founded (Hospitals,
schools, residential buildings, houses, etc), road infrastructure, water and drainage networks,
electrical and gas installations, reservoirs, etc., because it allows us to design the foundations
where the civil works are going to be built considering the aspects of seismicity and others
that allow a capacity of response before a seismic event of great magnitude. Knowing the
vulnerability of the soils in our capital city will allow us to have a better knowledge of the
risk levels in which it is found and thus give greater importance to soil studies in accordance
with the National Building Regulations (Centro Nacional de Estimación, Prevención y
Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres (CENEPRED), 2015).
The study of Soil Mechanics becomes a necessary and essential element through which it
allows us to know the bearing capacity of soils, settlements, etc., for the purpose of building
foundations in areas of urban expansion as well as in places of building renovation. In the
developed work, it has been taken into account the analysis of the causes that originate
the vulnerability of the soils, for which eld works (Trial pits), laboratory and oce are
indicated, as well as statistical data of the last years, conceptualizations referring to risk,
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vulnerability and danger are discussed, for the obtaining of results taking into consideration
the stratigraphic proles, Results of the calculations of bearing capacity and settlement of
soils, as well as the chemical analysis of soils in most districts of Metropolitan Lima, whose
signicant results show the importance of soil studies to know the resistance and response
to mainly seismic and other hazards, which will allow the reduction of vulnerability and
therefore mitigate the risk of future disaster events. Surveys have also been carried out
in various districts of the capital in which the current situation of soil knowledge and its
relationship with urban sustainability is analyzed. The main objective is to establish how
the management of soil vulnerability in Metropolitan Lima and its relationship with urban
sustainability will implement physical safety in our capital city, to nally reach conclusions
and recommendations for a better culture of prevention against future disaster risks in
Metropolitan Lima (Ramos, Esenarro et al., 2020).
2. MATERIALS Y METHOD
Due to the proposal to apply, verify and test the eectiveness of a Training Program on
Disaster Risk Management Issues, which involves vulnerability, a “quasi-experimental”
research design was applied, which corresponds to what is known as “design before and
after with a non-randomized control group”.
Both the Pre Test and the Post Test will be applied to the Experimental Group as well as
to the Control Group, however the application of the Disaster Risk Management Training
Program only to the Experimental Group, which will allow us to verify the eectiveness of
the program directed to central government ocials and municipalities to know the degree
of knowledge and in this way to contribute to the reduction of the levels of the disaster
risk according to the vulnerability of the soils of the capital city. Initially the Pre Test has
the purpose of determining that both groups are similar or equivalent at the beginning of
the application of the program. The Independent Variable, that is to say, the Training in
Disaster Risk Management, will be applied only to the Experimental Group, therefore the
Control Group will not be applied to this Program (Rodriguez et al., 2020).
The objective of the Post Test is to establish if there are signicant dierences between
both groups at the end of the training program. If the Disaster Risk Management Training
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Program has been eective, there must be statistically signicant dierences between both
groups in the Post-Test, which obviously must favour the experimental group. At the end
of the application of the training program the Experimental Group will have to present a
greater knowledge of the levels of risk, danger, vulnerability, resilience and environmental
impact, related to the vulnerability of the soils of Lima. Finally, it is tried to determine, that
if the Training Program in Disaster Risk Management is eective to obtain a reduction of
the level of vulnerability of the soils of Lima and the relation with the urban sustainability.
For the population where 180 people will be considered among ocials and servants of the
Metropolitan Municipality of Lima, of the districts of greater vulnerability of their soils
and institutions of the central government that have to do with the vulnerability of our
country.
Table 1. The distribution of the study population.
N°
Entities
N° de Servers
1
Central Government
100
2
Metropolitan Municipality of Lima and District
80
Total
180
It will be formed by workers whose ages uctuate between 25 and 55 years, being 55 % of
the masculine sex and 45% feminine (see Table 1) (Esenarro et al., 2020).
Considering a non-probabilistic sampling of the criterion type, it is determined by applying
criteria who will make up the experimental group and who will make up the control group.
Table 2. The distribution of the research design.
Group
Central government
MM de Lima y Distritos
Experimental
30
30
Control
30
30
Total
Therefore, 120 workers from both the central and local governments are considered for
the research sample, where 60 will belong to the experimental group and 60 to the control
group, which is equivalent to 66.67% of the total population considered. (See Table 2).
2.1. RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
The main technique considered for this work are the surveys that were carried out in the
state entities as well as to the general public. The same applies to the data on soil bearing
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capacities that are the subject of the research.
2.2. DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
The main instrument applied is a training program in disaster risk management aimed at
workers of the Central Government and Regional Governments, which will be applied to
the Experimental Group and will not be applied to the Control Group under consideration.
(Esenarro et al., 2020).
As a contribution for greater knowledge in training topics related to vulnerability, the ones
carried out by CENEPRED (2015).
2.3. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
• It is considered an orderly sequence for obtaining the expected results.
• Collection of updated documentary and statistical information.
• Critical analysis of the documentation.
• Application of the Training on the National System of Disaster Risk Management
(SINAGERD).
• Analysis of the results of the application of the SINAGERD training.
• Appropriate corrective measures.
• Approach of alternatives tending to improve the Risk Prevention Culture.
• Analysis of the results of the surveys
• Analysis of the results of soil bearing capacities.
• Regarding the statistical technique, descriptive statistics are applied considering
measures of central tendency such as
• Mean, dispersion measures such as variance and standard deviation, use of tables
and statistical histograms, among others.