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DEFORESTATION IN PERU AND STRATEGIC PLAN FOR
ITS REDUCE AMAZONIAN FORESTS
Vicenta Irene Tafur Anzualdo
Univesity National University Federico Villarreal UNFV, Lima, (Peru).
E-mail: vtafur@unfv.edu.pe
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1888-7848
Doris Esenarro
Federico Villarreal University EUPG- UNFV- Lima, (Peru).
Specialized Institute for Ecosystems and Natural Resources Research (INERN), (Peru)
E-mail: desenarro@unfv.edu.pe
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7186-9614
Rogelia Guillen
Univesity National University Federico Villarreal UNFV, (Peru).
E-mail: rguillen@unfv.edu.pe
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9123-0124
Samuel Reyna
Univesity National University Federico Villarreal UNFV, (Peru).
E-mail: sreynam@unfv.edu.pe
ORCID: : https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-8133-1711
Recepción: 03/09/2021 Aceptación: 01/11/2021 Publicación: 14/02/2022
Citación sugerida:
Tafur, V. I., Esenarro, D., Guillen, R., y Reyna, S. (2022). Deforestation in Peru and strategic plan
for its reduce Amazonian forests. 3C Tecnología. Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme, Edición Especial,
(febrero 2022), 97-111. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2022.specialissue9.97-111
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ABSTRACT
The present research aims to evaluate deforestation and strategies to reduce the deterioration
of Amazonian forests. Peru has a considerable area of forest cover, by the year 2020
during the pandemic the Peruvian Amazon suered a signicant loss of forest cover due to
deforestation, which aggravates oods, droughts and landslides, products of climate change,
the expansion of agriculture and livestock, mining, road construction and population
growth, among others, are activities that promote deforestation. The technique used is the
bibliographic review of dierent documents produced in public and private institutions
related to the subject, also the Joint Declaration of Intent (DCI) is a scheme of economic
incentives to combat deforestation and forest degradation, which has the cooperation of
Peru, Norway, and Germany, which was raised in three phases: Phase I: Preparation; Phase
II: Transformation and Phase III: Payment for results; in October 2018 the implementation
plan of Phase II was completed. The agreement that has been extended until 2025.
KEYWORDS
Deforestation, Land use change, Amazon, Joint Declaration of Intent.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Peru ranks tenth in the world in terms of area covered by forests, with the jungle region
accounting for 90% of this forest area. It is estimated that about 330,000 inhabitants of the
country depend directly on forests for their livelihoods through their multiple products and
ecosystem services (Smith & Schwartz, 2015; Galarza & La Serna, 2016).
Traditionally, forests have been taken as a source of income from timber production (Unión
Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN), 2018), in addition to the
use of non-timber products, biodiversity, ecotourism, and environmental services (Galarza
& La Serna 2016), whose economic potential is growing for Peru, to such an extent that
the contribution of the forestry sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which for
many years has remained at 1%, could increase to 8% if more attention were paid to the
exploitation of non-timber products such as fruits, stems, and medicinal plants, in addition
to encouraging ecotourism.
This is without considering the biodiversity present in natural protected areas that, according
to MINAM (Ministerio de Ambiente (MINAM), 2021), extend over 20 million hectares of
forests and other ecosystems and contribute more than US$1 billion annually due to non-
timber forest products scenic beauties, etc. This could point to the forestry sector is one
of the most signicant potential for economic development (Galarza & La Serna, 2016).
However, the Peruvian Ministry of Environment warns that, by 2020 at the height of the
pandemic, the Peruvian Amazon lost more than 150 000 ha of forest due to the massive
return of migrants to their community (Ministerio de Ambiente (MINAM), 2021).
In tropical countries, including our own, the most important cause of forest cover reduction
is the expansion of agriculture and livestock (Ministerio de Ambiente (MINAM), 2016).
This deforestation due to land-use change is complemented by the development of
extractive industries, road construction, and the growth and creation of towns (Ministerio
de Ambiente (MINAM), 2016; Smith & Schwartz 2015; Vargas et al., 2020).
Faced with this scenario, Peru has joined eorts with Germany and Norway through the
Joint Declaration of Intent (JIU) to combat deforestation and forest degradation in order to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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In this article, the link between deforestation and human, economic and environmental
components is presented and the actions being carried out to combat deforestation and
forest degradation in our country.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The analysis of the loss of vegetation cover in the Peruvian Amazon forests and the ght
against forest degradation is fundamental, so we must determine the loss of forest in the
coming years if we continue with the same problems that cause the loss of the Amazon
forests. For this, we use a simple linear regression equation to project future Amazon forest
loss.
(1)
Where: ependent variable, A ordinate of origin, β slope of the line and X independent
variable.
The study area is the humid forests of the Peruvian Amazon, in the departments of Loreto,
Ucayali, San Martin, Huanuco, Madre de Dios, Junin, Cuzco, Puno, Amazonas, and Pasco
areas of signicant deforestation and soil degradation.
The statistical data comes from institutional platforms and reports from secondary sources
such as the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), the Ministry of Agrarian
Development and Irrigation (MIDAGRI) and the Ministry of Environment (MINAM),
indexed magazines, books, and information published by private institutions linked to
forestry, agriculture and the environment. The bibliographic sources for the capture of
data on deforestation in the Amazonian forests during the study period were the institutions
mentioned above.
Deforestation rate for the calculation of the annual deforestation rate was obtained from
historical data that allowed the analysis in the period 2001-2019, with the following equation:
(2)
Where: D is the deforestation rate; DF is the area deforested in the nal year (2019), and DI
is the area deforested in the initial year (2001).
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3. RESULTS
3.1. DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON FORESTS
The deforested areas of Amazonian forests in Peru, period 2001-2019, amount to 2 433
314 hectares; the annual average is 128 069 hectares (Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego,
Ministerio de Ambiente, Servicio Nacional Forestal (SERFOR) & BOSQUES, 2017).
Amazon forests face intense pressures with high trends, as evidenced in Table and Figure 1,
the highest levels of deforestation (62.36 %) were carried out in the last ten years. As can be
seen in the Table above, the surfaces and percentages in ascending and continuous growth
of deforestation. The leading causes of deforestation are agriculture, cattle ranching, the
opening of road infrastructure, access to waterways, and small timber extractors, among
others (Servicio Nacional Forestal (SERFOR), 2015).
Figure 1. Deforested areas in the period 2001 – 2019.
Source: own elaboration.
The direct and indirect causes of the deforested areas of the Amazon forests are in the
expansion of small, medium and large-scale agriculture 51.6%, legal mining 5.8%,
expansion of communication infrastructure and extractive industries 0.3%, small and
large-scale cattle ranching 39.9% coca cultivation 2.3% (BOSQUES, 2016).
If we continue with the activities described in the previous paragraph, the loss of forests
will increase, causing greater socio-environmental problems and biodiversity loss. With the
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statistical data for the period 2007-2019, the deforested areas for 2020, 2021, and 2022 can
be determined with a simple linear regression equation, this, we have previously considered
meeting two of the conditions of being numerical and having a normal distribution of the
data set:
Area (Y) = Constant (A) + Slope of the line (β) Independent variable (X)
Y = 118 062,962 + 3 808,071 X
Y20 = 118 062,962 + 3 808,071 (14) = 171 376
Y21 = 118 062,962 + 3 808,071 (15) = 175 184
Y22 = 118 062,962 + 3 808,071 (16) = 178 992
According to the results obtained in 2020, 2021 and 2022, approximately 171,376, 175,184
and 178,992 hectares would be deforested, respectively, degraded areas that would be
used for agriculture and cattle ranching. However, this reality can be reduced simply by
complying with the Joint Declaration of Intent (JIU), the cooperation agreement between
the governments of Peru, Norway, and Germany that has strategic objectives to contribute
to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions produced by deforestation and forest
degradation, sustainable agricultural and forestry development and environmentally sound
mining. Agreement that seeks to strengthen the implementation of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and the national strategy on forests and climate
change to reduce forest loss in the Amazon and contribute to sustainable development in
Peru (Ministerio de Ambiente (MINAM), 2014).
The deforested areas of Tropical Rainforests, by the department in 2019, amount to 148
426 hectares, equivalent to 200 thousand soccer elds (Sierra, 2018). The departments
of Ucayali, Madre de Dios, Huánuco, and Loreto, concentrate approximately 67% of
deforested areas. However, the departments of Ayacucho and Cajamarca lost only 1.18
% and 0.82 % of their tropical rainforest of the total deforested regions of the same year.
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Table 1. Deforested areas by department 2019.
APARTMENTS FOREST 2018 % 2019 % TO 2019 %
Amazonas 2831731 7453 4.82 5805 3.91 94084 3.87
Ayacucho 209922 1744 1.13 2166 1.46 17517 0.72
Cajamarca 346762 1276 0.82 600 0.40 19275 0.79
Cusco 3063940 9643 6.23 7103 4.79 90543 3.72
Huancavelica 17299 18 0.01 92 0.06 1105 0.05
Huánuco 1545972 16560 10.70 14956 10.08 333880 13.72
Junín 1850889 8497 5.49 13960 9.41 165201 6.79
La Libertad 68228 142 0.09 37 0.03 1112 0.05
Loreto 35047942 26203 16.93 23140 15.59 453420 18.63
Madre de Dios 7905744 23492 15.18 21378 14.40 231111 9.50
Pasco 1388278 5610 3.62 6035 4.07 115344 4.74
Piura 41492 60 0.04 26 0.02 3316 0.14
Puno 1423073 6701 4.33 3716 2.50 37010 1.52
San Martín 3344540 21376 13.81 11034 7.43 447546 18.39
Ucayali 9336773 25991 16.79 38377 25.86 422851 17.38
Total 68422585 154766 100 148426 100 2433315 100
Source: own elaboration.
Figure 2. Deforested areas by department 2019.
Source: own elaboration.
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One of the causes of deforestation and loss of Amazonian forests is agriculture and cattle
ranching for the production of bread crops, rice, corn, cocoa, papaya, coee and other
products in order to serve the domestic and foreign markets. In 2017, a total of 16 220
hectares were deforested for the activities above. In the Interoceánica area, 11 115 hectares
have been deforested for gold mining and agricultural activity, likewise, in the Iberia sector,
3 220 hectares were deforested for agricultural activity. In the last months of 2017 in the
border of the departments of San Martin and Loreto 750 hectares have been deforested
for oil palm production of a large-scale agricultural project and in the Amazonas region,
along the Bagua-Saramiriza road 1 135 hectares have been deforested for agriculture and
cattle ranching (Sierra, 2018).
3.2. IMPACTS OF DEFORESTATION
Deforestation brings the invasion and illegal appropriation of land by farmers, miners,
or loggers, displacement of indigenous populations, conicts linked to access of forest
resources, and loss of knowledge and cultural values. It strengthens climate change aecting
surrounding populations and society through increased oods, droughts, and huaycos.
The location of deforestation depends on geographical, political, and economic variables.
In Madre de Dios, the construction of the Interoceanic Highway has allowed the migration
of poor people to environmentally fragile and isolated areas. Currently, there is evidence of
the disproportionate growth of illegal gold mining that devastates forests and contaminates
water with mercury and other toxics (Smith & Schwartz, 2015).
Illegal logging, which requires low investments for its implementation, impacts the
wellbeing of the populations due to the selective loss of the most valuable species, greater
inequity in income distribution, and, mainly, by developing an informal parallel economy
that discourages private investment in long-term forest management, generating economic
mechanisms of corruption. In coca-growing areas of the country, which occupy 43,900 ha
with this crop, drug tracking also does its thing by dumping chemicals used for coca leaf
processing.
Deforestation involves the permanent loss of forest cover and its transformation into
another land use. It aects the quantity and quality of water and on its courses that become
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more prone to cause ooding due to land degradation. By reducing the potential of the
soil, the provision of food, other goods, and services is aggravated, deepening poverty and
extreme poverty, marginalization, migration, and inequity, and the loss of biodiversity. This
change in land use generates more signicant greenhouse gas emissions due to the loss of
an important carbon sink through deforestation, thus contributing to the worsening of
the impacts of climate change and increasing the vulnerability of populations to extreme
meteorological phenomena.
Pendrill et al. (2019) infer that deforestation of tropical forests is one of the most important
sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide release, driven
largely by the expansion of the agricultural, forestry and, the growing demand for
agricultural products abroad, and the population explosion in all countries. In the period
2000-2016 GHG emissions from the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)
sector averaged 88.8 MTCO2e/year. In 2016 the Sector emissions were 112.88 MtCO2e
of GHG emissions. Of this, 89% is due to the change of forest use to another activity, i.e.
deforestation in the mentioned period has been the main cause of emissions (Vásquez,
2019).
3.3. STRATEGIC PLAN TO COMBAT DEFORESTATION
MINAM (2018) mentions that the Joint Declaration of Intent (JIU), signed by Germany,
Norway, and Peru, is a scheme of nancial incentives on the progress and fulllment of
deliverables or goals divided into three Phases: I) preparation (2015-2017), II) transformation
(2017-2020) and III) payment for results (2016-2020). We are currently in Phase II of the
ICD, whose strategies to reduce deforestation of Amazonian forests are: avoid through the
cessation of permits, the change of land use from forest to agricultural services; evaluate
the impact of timber harvesting, mining, agriculture, and infrastructure activities due to
deforestation and forest degradation; reduce the remaining area of uncategorized forests
by 50%; increase the titling of native communities by 5 million hectares; involve at least
2 million hectares in the payment for conservation results of native communities; as well
as implement projects of the Forestry Investment Program (MINAM 2018). However, due
to the global Covid-19 pandemic, applications have been delayed, redirecting the limited
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public budget to address the health crisis, and therefore justifying the extension of the DCI
(Bodo, Gimah, & Seomoni, 2021).
On the last day of May, MINAM (2021) reiterated the commitment established in the DCI
through an ADDENDUM; this agreement has been extended, renewed, and reinforced
with a new partner, the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the
United States as an observer, to reduce and end the loss of forests.
In addition, MINAM’s Institutional Policy Framework (2019) conrms the reduction of
deforestation and forest degradation using the policy instruments of the National Strategy
on Forests and Climate Change (ENBCC), proposing as a vision “for the year 2030 the
reduction of GHG emissions associated with the Land Use sector, Land Use Change and
Forestry (USCUSS) and the vulnerability of the forest landscape and the population that
depends on them, ensuring respect for the rights of citizens, especially indigenous peoples
and rural populations linked to forests, with a territorial, intercultural and gender approach,
in a context of adequate governance, productivity, competitiveness and valuation of forest
ecosystems”. The NBSAP establishes strategic actions such as sustainable agriculture and
livestock, increasing the value of forests, reducing illegal/informal activities, reducing
negative impacts of economic activities, zoning and forest management/granting of rights,
monitoring impacts and eects of climate change, the resilience of forest ecosystems and
reducing local vulnerability to achieve the objective of reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
emissions in the USCUSS sector (Leite-Filho et al., 2021).
4. DISCUSSION
Deforestation is the permanent loss of Amazonian forest cover, replacing forested soil areas
for agricultural and livestock use. The eects on soil quality cause land degradation, as it
is not suitable for these activities, decreasing soil quality, lowering the productivity of food,
other goods, and services, exacerbating poverty, and the loss of biodiversity. This change in
land use generates more signicant greenhouse gas emissions due to the loss of an important
carbon sink through deforestation and soil degradation, thus contributing to the worsening
of the impacts of climate change and increasing the vulnerability of populations to extreme
meteorological phenomena.
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5. CONCLUSIONS
Deforestation causes loss of forest areas, invasions and illegal land appropriation by farmers,
cattle ranchers, immigrants, miners, loggers, displacement of indigenous populations, social
conicts and loss of knowledge and cultural values.
GHG emissions from the Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry sector averaged 88.8
MTCO2e/year.
The conservation of forests and the reduction of deforestation and degradation of these
require coordinated work eorts in a multisectoral manner, in that sense, the activities that
are being developed in the public institutions involved in the DCI must be fullled with the
milestones and goals to be achieved by 2020 in favor of the Amazon to achieve the longed-
for sustainable development of our country (Amaya et al., 2020).
The DCI has been extended, renewed and strengthened until 2025 with a new partner, the
Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, with the purpose of reducing and
ending the loss of Amazon forests and promoting sustainable development.
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