EFFECT OF METHOD NANO APPLICATION

WITH NPK FERTILIZER ON THE

VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF TWO GRAPE

CULTIVARS (VITIS VINIFERA L.)

Nabil Mohammed Ameen Alimam

Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design – College of Agriculture and

Forestry – University of Mosul – Iraq

nabemo56@uomosul.edu.iq

Sarah Ahmed Mokeem Hasan

Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design – College of Agriculture and

Forestry – University of Mosul – Iraq

Reception: 08/11/2022 Acceptance: 29/12/2022 Publication: 23/02/2023

Suggested citation:

A.A., Nabil Mohammed and M.H., Sarah Ahmed. (2023). Effect of method

nano application with NPK fertilizer on the vegetative growth of two

grape cultivars (Vitis Vinifera L.). 3C TIC. Cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados

a las TIC, 12(1), 118-131. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2023.121.118-131

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ABSTRACT

This studied the effect of method’s and efficiency application of nano- NPK fertilizer (0,

1 and 2. l-1

) in addition to the soil or foliar spray on the vegetative growth of Olivetti

noier and Thompson Seedless young grapevines grown under Nineveh Governorate

during 2021 season. Applications three levels of nano- NPK 0, 2 and 4gm. as soil

addition either alone or in combination with foliar application of nano- NPK sprayed

three times at 0, 1 and 2.l-1

significantly promoted all vegetative growth traits, height

and diameter of the main stem, number of leaves, chlorophyll concentration in leaves,

leaf area and leaf area. Moreover, these treatments resulted of vegetative growth

parameters compared with untreated (control). Result showed that fertilization with the

addition of 4 gm. Nano NPK.l-1, led to a significant increase in the rates of height and

diameter of the main stem, number of leaves, chlorophyll concentration in leaves.

Foliar fertilization with 2 gm. Nano NPK l-1

, led to a significant improving main stem

diameter of seedling, leaf area, leaf area of seedling, chlorophyll concentration in

leaves. Spray with 1 gm. Nano NPK l-1 led to a significant increase in the height of the

main stem and the number of leaves per seedling. Thompson Seedless grape cv. over

Olivetti noier cv. in height and diameter of the main stems, leaf area and the leaf area

of the seedling.

KEYWORDS

Nano, NPK, Fertilizer, Grape.

PAPER INDEX

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

1. INTRODUCTION

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. HEIGHT OF THE MAIN STEM OF GRAPE SEEDLINGS (CM)

3.2. MAIN STEM DIAMETER (MM):

3.3. NUMBER OF LEAVES / SEEDLINGS

3.4. LEAF AREA (CM2)

3.5. THE LEAF AREA OF THE SEEDLING (CM2.SEEDLING-1)

3.6. TOTAL CHLOROPHYLL IN THE LEAVES (MG.G-1F.W)

4. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

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1. INTRODUCTION

Grape was one of the oldest fruits planted by man, and commercially the most

cultivated and widespread fruit crop in the world, which was mentioned in the holy

books, and the cultivation of grapes in Iraq is as old as the settlement of people in

Mesopotamia (Childers et al. 1995 and Alsaidi, 2014).

In recent years, a lot of studies and research have appeared that dealt with the

introduction of nanotechnology in the agricultural field, which is called Agro-

Nanotechnology, which has significant effects on the global economy. The nano

fertilizers are characterized by having a great ability to dissolve in water in addition to

the speed of penetration into the plant cell, in addition to the possibility of adding such

fertilizers to the soil or spraying on the vegetative system of the plant (Chinnamuthu

and Boopathi, 2009 ; Sabir et al,2014).

Fertilization is one of the horticultural process that must be performed in the

nurseries and vineyard orchards in order to give the requirements of growth and

development of grape vines as a result of the depletion of the nutrients necessary

from the soil. Among these elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the

important nutrients of the plants, (Epstein and Bloom, 2005 and Marschner, 2012).

The aim of this research to study the efficiency of nano NPK fertilization on the

vegetative growth, mineral content, response of the cultivars to nano-fertilizers and

determining the best way to application of nano-fertilizer of grape seedlings.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present investigation was carried out during 2021 season on two young grape

cultivars including Olivetti noier and Thompson were one year old, planted at 2×3

meters apart in the grape orchard of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape -

College of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul - Iraq. The soil was loam soil,

full description of the tested soil is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil.

Factorial experiment with the complete randomized block design was applied with

three replicates, two young vines per each. The treatments were as follows by three

factors:

The first factor: Cultivars on Olivette noire and Thompson Seedless Grape.

Item Value Available nutrients Value

Sand % 34.8 N g.Kg.-1 0.121

Silt % 25.45 P g.Kg.-1 3.01

Clay % 39.75 K g.Kg.-1 49.76

Texture Loam O.M. % 1.20

E.C. ds/m 0.2

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The second factor: Fertilization by adding nano-NPK (20:20:20) at three levels: o, 2

and 4 gm. Young vine-1

The third factor: foliar application with three concentrations of the nano-NPK at o,1

and 2gm.l-1 on vegetative growth till runoff.

Three levels of nano- NPK were added when the shoots reached 10 cm in the

length on April 12, 2021, and the second addition was a month after the first addition.

While the nano-NPK was sprayed on the vegetative growth in three times the first was

on April 19, 2021, and the second spray was a month after the first and the third was a

month after the second spray. Tween 80 as wetting agent was applied at 0.1% to all

spray solutions and the young vines were sprayed solution till runoff and control vines

were sprayed water containing Tween 80. Vegetative parameter such as height and

diameter of the main stem, number of leaves / young vine, Leaf area (cm2), The leaf

area of the young vine (cm2. Young vine) and the total chlorophyll concentration in the

leaves were measured on 1 Oct. 2021.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. HEIGHT OF THE MAIN STEM OF GRAPE SEEDLINGS (CM)

The data in Table (2) showed that the seedling height of the Thompson Seedless

cv. were significantly superior (165.99cm.) compared with the Olivette noire cv.

(148.50cm). It’s evident from the data in the same table that the height of grape

seedlings were affected by nano NPK application, especially when adding

4g.seedlings-1

of nano NPK and reached 169.28cm. which provided the maximum

value (169.28cm.) compared with the lowest value of height of seedling steam

(156.77) in control treatment.

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Table 2. Effect the method of nano application with NPK fertilizer on height of the main stem

of seedlings (cm) of Olivette noire and Thompson Seedless grape cultivars.

Means with the same letter are not significantly different according to Duncan

multiple ranges test at 5% level.

Spraying with 1 g.l-1

of nano-NPK was significantly superior in the height of the

main stem of grape seedlings, which amounted to (176.11) cm, while the control

treatment gave the lowest value were (139.88cm.) for the average height of the main

steam.

The data in Table (2) also indicates that the binary, especially triple, interactions

between the studied factors made clear significant differences between the treatments

of adding 0 nano NPK + spraying with 1gm. nano NPK. l-1 for Thompson Seedless cv.

was gave the highest values in the average height of the main stem and amounted to

229.50cm, which significantly outperformed all treatments, while the lowest height of

the main stem was recorded when adding 2 g nano NPK. seedlings-1 + spraying with

0gm. nano NPK.l-1 for Olivette noire grape cv. which amounted to 121.33 cm.

3.2. MAIN STEM DIAMETER (MM):

It is noticed from the data of Table (3) that there are significant differences between

the two grape cultivars in the main stem diameter, especially the Thompson Seedless

cv. (14.67mm.) was superior than Olivette noire cv. (12.32 mm.). It is also evident from

the data of the same table that addition 4gm. of nano NPK are significant superior in

cultivars

Adding nano

NPK

(g.seedling-1)

Foliar nano NPK (mg.l-1)CV.

NPK

Mean

Effect of

cultivar

0 1 2

Olevitte

noire

0 NPK 139.83 f 145.55 ef 143.67 ef 142.83 d

148.50 b

2 NPK 121.33 g 154.17 ed 135.33 f 136.94 e

4 NPK 166.67 cd 168.00 c 162.50 cd 165.72b

165.99 a

Thompson

Seedless

0 NPK 136.30 f 229.50 a 146.33 ef 170.71a

2 NPK 135.83 f 168.50 c 159.00 cd 154.44 c

4 NPK 139.33 f 191.50 b 187.67 b 172.83 a

Olevitte noire 142.61 ed 155.72 c 147.16 d Main effect of adding

nano NPK

Thompson Seedless 137.16 e 196.50 a 164.33 b

Adding ×

Foliar nano

NPK

0 NPK 137.16 e 196.50 a 164.33 b 156.77 b

2 NPK 138.07 e 187.25 a 145.00 de 145.69 c

4 NPK 128.58 f 161.33 c 141.17 d 169.28 a

Mean effect foliar nanoNPK 139.88 c 176.11 a 155.75 b

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the main stem diameter (14.64 mm.), than control treatment which amounted to 12.24

mm.

It is also noted that spraying with 2gm. nano NPK.l-1

has a clear effect which

achieved the highest significant increase in the average diameter of the main stem of

grape seedlings (14.99 mm), while the control treatment recorded the lowest value for

this trait, which amounted to 11.92 mm. It is also evident from the data of the same

table that addition 4gm. of nano NPK are significant superior in the main stem

diameter (14.64 mm.), than control treatment which amounted to 12.24 mm.

It is also noted that spraying with 2gm. nano NPK.l-1

has a clear effect which

achieved the highest significant increase in the average diameter of the main stem of

grape seedlings (14.99 mm), while the control treatment recorded the lowest value for

this trait, which amounted to 11.92 mm. It is also noted in the data of Table (4) that the

interactions between the factors under this study achieved a significant increase in the

average diameter of the main stem diameter of grape seedlings, especially when

adding 4 gm. nano NPK + spraying with 2gm. nano NPK fertilizer for Thompson

Seedless grape cv. which achieved the highest average for the main stem diameter

(16.67 mm), while the comparison treatment for Olivette noire grape cv. recorded the

lowest values for this trait, which amounted to (7.79 mm).

Table 3. Effect the method of nano application with NPK fertilizer on stem diameter of

seedlings (mm) of Olivette noire and Thompson Seedless grape cultivars.

Cultivars

Adding nano

NPK

(g.seedling-1)

Foliar nano NPK (mg.l-1)CV.

NPK

Mean

Effect of

Cultivar

0 1 2

Olevitte

noire

0 NPK 7.79 f

11.49

16.03 ab 11.77 e

12.32 b

2 NPK 10.88 e 12.38 d 12.48 d 11.91 e

4 NPK 12.46 d 12.71 d 14.66 cd 13.28 c

Thompson

Seedless

0 NPK 10.76 e 12.98 d 14.40 c 12.72 b

14.67 a

2 NPK 14.51 bc 15.60 abc 15.71abc 15.27 b

4 NPK 15.12 abc 16.26 a 16.67 a 16.01 a

Olevitte noire 10.38 e 12.19 d 14.39 b Main

effect of adding

nanoNPK

Thompson Seedless 13.46 c 14.95 ab 15.54 a

Adding ×

Foliar nano

NPK

0 NPK 9.28 e 12.23 d 15.22 ab 12.24 c

2 NPK 12.69 d 13.99 c 14.09 c 13.59 b

4 NPK 13.79 c 14.48 bc 15.66 a 14.64 a

Mean effect foliar nanoNPK 11.92 c13.57 b14.99 a

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Means with the same letter are not significantly different according to Duncan

multiple ranges test at 5% level.

3.3. NUMBER OF LEAVES / SEEDLINGS

The data in Table (4) indicate the clear discrepancy in number of leaves for the two

grape cultivars under study. The Olivette noire grape cv. (164.17 leaves, seedlings-1)

were significantly outperformed compared with Thompson Seedless grape cv. (153.06

leaves, seedlings-1).

It is also noted from the data of the same table that the addition of nano-fertilizer

was significantly superior to the average number of leaves per seedling for treatments

4 and 2 g. seedling-1 were significantly over the comparison treatment (176.77, 176.24

and 122.81) leaves. seedling-1, respectively.

Table 4. Effect the method of Nano application with NPK fertilizer on number of leaves of

seedlings of Olivette noire and Thompson Seedless grape cultivars.

Means with the same letter are not significantly different according to Duncan

multiple ranges test at 5% level.

The data of Table (4) shows the significant superiority of the treatment of spraying

with 1 gm. nano NPK l-1 over treatments (2 and 0 gm. nano NPK. l-1

), as well as the

superiority of the spraying treatment with 2 gm. nano NPK. 1-1 was significantly on the

comparison treatment. The treatment of triple interaction between the factors in this

study when adding 2 gm.1-1 of nano NPK + spraying with 1 gm. nano NPK l-1

was

Cultivars

Adding nano

NPK

(g.seedling-1)

Foliar nano NPK (mg.l-1)CV.

NPK

Mean

Effect of

cultivar

0 1 2

Olevitte

noire

0 NPK 100.33 jk 121.33 h 119.03 hi 113.56 f

164.17 b

2 NPK 182.33 cd 201.13 a 166.66 ef 183.37 b

4 NPK 187.33 bcd 198.83 ab 198.83 ab 195.55 a

Thompson

Seedless

0 NPK 95.00 k 108.16 ij 108.16 cd 132.06 e

153.05 b

2 NPK 178.83 de 182.16 cd 182.16 cd 169.11 c

4 NPK 131.50 h 183.50 cd 183.30 cd 158.00 d

Olevitte noire 156.66 c 174.32 a 161.51 bc Main

effect of adding

nanoNPK

Thompson Seedless 135.11 d 166.12 b 157.94 c

Adding

× Foliar

nano NPK

0 NPK 97.66 e 157.18 c 113.60 d 122.81 b

2 NPK 18.58 b 173.73 b 174.41 b 176.24 a

4 NPK 159.41 c 179.75 b 191.16 a 176.77 a

Mean effect foliar nanoNPK 145.88 c 170.22 a 159.72 b

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significantly outperformed most of the treatments, which amounted to 201.13 leaves.

seedlings-1, while the treatment of adding zero gm.seedling-1

of nano fertilizer for

Thompson Seedless grape cultivar recorded the lowest values for the average

number of leaves, which amounted to 95.00 leaves. Seedlings-1.

3.4. LEAF AREA (CM2)

It is evident from the data of Table (5) that Thompson Seedless cv. was significantly

outperformed the average leaf area (101.10 cm2.leaf-1

) over the Olivette noire cv.

(66.69 cm2.leaf-1). It is noted from the data of the same table showed that the addition

of nano NPK fertilizer had a clear effect on increasing the leaf area, as the treatment

of adding 2 gm. nano NPK. Seedlings-1 was significantly (90.15 gm. leaf-1

) over the

comparison treatment (73.30 gm. leaf-1).

Table 5. Effect the method of nano application with NPK fertilizer on leaf area (cm2) of Olivette

noire and Thompson Seedless grape cultivars.

Means with the same letter are not significantly different according to Duncan

multiple ranges test at 5% level.

The data of Table (6) also showed that spraying with 2 gm.l-1

nano NPK fertilizer

(95.71 cm2.leaf-1) had a significantly increase in the leaf area compared with the other

treatments. In addition to the significant superiority of spraying at a concentration of 1

gm nano NPK.l-1 over the control treatment (70.52 cm2.leaf-1).

The triple interactions between the factors studied in Table (5), it is also showed

that the addition 0 gm. seedling-1 of nano NPK + foliar spray with 2 gm. l-1 of the same

Cultivars

Adding nano

NPK

(g.seedling-1)

Foliar nano NPK (mg.l-1)CV.

NPK

Mean

Effect of

Cultivar

0 1 2

Olevitte

noire

0 NPK 29.82 j 62.83 ghi 66.68 gh 53.11 e

66.69 b

2 NPK 57.04 hi 78.17 ef 84.52 ed 73.24 d

4 NPK 63.28 ghi 88.31 de 69.50 fg 73.69 d

Thompson

Seedless

0 NPK 54.47 i 87.83 de 138.18 a 93.49 c

101.10 a

2 NPK 125.10 b 102.27 c 93.82 cd 107.06 a

4 NPK 93.43 cd 92.98 cd 121.78 b 102.73 b

Olevitte noire 50.05 d 76.43 c 73.57 c Main

effect of adding nanoNPK

Thompson Seedless 91.00 c 94.36 b 117.93 a

Adding ×

Foliar nano

NPK

0 NPK 42.14 d 75.33 c 102.43 a 73.30 b

2 NPK 91.07 b 90.22 b 89.17 b 90.15 a

4 NPK 78.36 c 90.65 b 95.64 b 88.21 a

Mean effect foliar nanoNPK 70.52 c 85.40 b 95.75 a

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fertilizer for Thompson Seedless cv. (138.18 cm2.leaf-1) was significantly superior to all

treatments, while the comparison treatment of Olivette noire cv. was recorded the

lowest values (29.82 cm2.leaf-1) for this trait.

3.5. THE LEAF AREA OF THE SEEDLING (CM2.SEEDLING-1)

The data in Table (6) indicates that Thompson Seedless cv. (15657.2

cm2.seedling-1

) was significantly superior to the Olivette noire cv. in the seedling leaf

area which reached 11345.2 cm2.seedling-1. It is noted from the data of the same table

that the addition of 2 gm..seedling-1) of nano NPK fertilizer (15764.8 cm2.seedling-1)

achieved a significant superiority over the control treatment (9276.0 cm2.seedling-1).

Spraying at a concentration of 2 gm. l-1

of nano NPK fertilizer on caused a

significant increase in the seedling leaf area (15036.3 cm2.seedling-1) compared to the

treatment of 0 gm.l-1 of nano fertilizer (10845.4 cm2. seedlings-1).

Table 6. Effect the method of nano application with NPK fertilizer on seedling leaf area

(cm2.seedling-1) of Olivette noire and Thompson Seedless grape cultivars.

Means with the same letter are not significantly different according to Duncan

multiple ranges test at 5% level.

Studying the effect of the triple interaction between the studied factors, it is clear

showed the data in Table (7) that the treatment of adding 4 gm. nano NPK. seedlings-1

+ spraying with 2 gm. nano NPK.l-1

) for Thompson Seedless grape cultivar gave the

highest values for seedling leaf area (22348.3 cm2.seedling-1), which was significantly

Cultivars

Adding nano

NPK

(g.seedling-1)

Foliar nano NPK (mg.l-1)CV.

NPK

Mean

Effect of

cultivar

012

Olevitte

noire

0 NPK 2996.0 k 7619.7 i 7920.3 i 53.11 e

11345.2 b

2 NPK 10392.3 h 15731.0 cd 14089.7de 73.24 d

4 NPK 11860.3 gh 17706.3 b 13791.3 ef 73.69 d

Thompson

Seedless

0 NPK 5186.0 j 16946.3 bc 14987.7 de 93.49 c

15657.2 a

2 NPK 22353.3 a 14941.7 de 17080.7 bc 107.06 a

4 NPK 12284.3 fg 14786.7 de 22348.3 a 102.73 b

Olevitte noire 8416.2 e 13685.7 c 11933.8 d Main

effect of adding

nanoNPK

Thompson Seedless 13274.6 c 15558.2 b 18138.9 a

Adding × Foliar

nano NPK

0 NPK 4091.0 d 12283.0 c 11454.0 c 9276.0 b

2 NPK 16372.8 b 15336.3 b 15585.2 b 15764.8 a

4 NPK 12072.3 c 16246.5 b 18069.8 a 15462.9 a

Mean effect foliar nanoNPK 10845.4 b 14621.9 a 15036.3 a

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superior to all treatments, while the comparison treatment of grape cultivar olivette

noire (2996.0 cm2.seedling-1) recorded the lowest values for this trait.

3.6. TOTAL CHLOROPHYLL IN THE LEAVES (MG.G-1F.W)

The results presented in Table (7) showed that there weren’t any different between

the cultivars in the total chlorophyll content of the leaves in this study. However,

fertilization with 4gm.nano NPK.seedling-1

gave the highest value of chlorophyll

content 1.31 mg.g-1F.W which surpassed significantly compared with the addition of 0

nano NPK.seedling-1. The lowest value of chlorophyll content was 0.934 mg.g-1 F. W.

Table 7. Effect the method of nano application with NPK fertilizer on total chlorophyll in leaves

(mg.g-1F.W) of Olivette noire and Thompson Seedless grape cultivars.

Means with the same letter are not significantly different according to Duncan

multiple ranges test at 5% level.

Foliar application of 2gm.l-1

nano-NPK was a significant increases in leaf

chlorophyll content giving the highest significant value of 1.242 mg.g-1

F.W compared

to the lowest value of chlorophyll content was shown in the control treatment of 0.928

mg.g-1 F.W.

Regarding the interactions between all factors, the results showed a combination of

fertilization with 4gm nano-NPK.seedling-1 + spraying with 2gm.l-1 nano-NPK.l-1

with

Thompson Seedless cv. was reached 1.77 mg.g-1 F.W and gave the highest content of

Cultivars

Adding nano

NPK

(g.seedling-1)

Foliar nano NPK (mg.l-1)CV.

NPK

Mean

Effect of

cultivar

012

Olevitte

noire

0 NPK 0.81 b 0.92 b 0.96 b 0.90 a

1.02 a

2 NPK 0.86 b 0.98 b 1.06 b 0.97 a

4 NPK 0.98 b 1.2400 ab 1.37 ab 1.19 a

Thompson

Seedless

0 NPK 0.93 b 0.98 b 0.99 b 0.96 a

1.18a

2 NPK 0.95 b 1.26 ab 1.29 ab 1.17 a

4 NPK 1.03 b 1.45 ab 1.77 a 1.42 a

Olevitte noire 0.88 b 1.05 ab 1.13 ab Main

effect of adding

nanoNPK

Thompson Seedless 0.97ab 1.23 ab 1.35 a

Adding × Foliar

nano NPK

0 NPK 0.87 b 0.95 b 0.97 b 0.93 b

2 NPK 0.90 b 1.12 ab 1.17ab 1.07 ab

4 NPK 1.00 b 1.34ab 1.57a 1.31 a

Mean effect foliar nanoNPK 0.92 b 1.14 ab 1.24 a

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chlorophyll compared with control treatment, which gave the lowest value 0.813 mg.

g-1 F.W. for the total chlorophyll concentration in the leaves.

It is clear from the data of the results that the cultivar has a major role in the

vegetative growth characteristics of grape seedlings (young vines). This variation is

due to the genetic factor between the cultivars and according to their strength and the

efficiency of the biological processes that take place in each cultivar, especially the

variation of the genetic structures of each cultivar and the extent of their interaction

with the different environmental conditions and fertilizer treatments, which works to

vary the efficiency of the photosynthesis process and the use of its products in the

growth processes and increase the vegetative growth of seedlings of different grape

cultivars (Alimam, 1998; Mangel and Kirkby, 2001; Hopkins and Huner 2004 and

Aljubori et al., 2022).

Through the study of the effect of nano NPK fertilizer on increasing the vegetative

growth of grape seedlings shown in Tables (2,3,4,5,6 and 7), the efficiency of the

surfaces of particles in ion exchange of nano fertilizer increases the chances of the

absorption of nutrients by the root and vegetative systems and high speed of

nanoparticles in the leaves of seedlings to meet the requirements of vegetative growth

by increasing enzymatic activity and speed of reactions (Morteza et al., 2013 and

Aljubori et al., 2022).

Nitrogen increases the vitality and activity of the meristem areas of seedlings by

increasing the biosynthesis of auxins, amino acids, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, and

many enzymatic facilities that increase the efficiency and elongation of cell divisions

for different plant organs, in addition to the role of physiology of phosphorous in

increasing vegetative growth, which includes its entry into vital energy compounds,

especially phospholipids and nucleic acids and its role in building cell membranes that

have a major role in increasing the activity and effectiveness of seedlings to carry out

photosynthesis, respiration that lead to increase seedling height, diameter, number of

leaves.

In addition to the physiological role of potassium in the processes of regulating the

osmotic effort of cells and its clear role in increasing and activating enzymes related to

photosynthesis (Yasin, 2001, Taiz and Zeiger 2001, and Marschner, 2003 and Aljubori

et al., 2022) and that all these roles of nutrients were reflected in increasing the

vegetative growth of grape seedlings (Alimam and Alsaidi, 2003; Cheng et al. 2010;

Barad et al. 2010 and Aljubori, et al., 2022).

Although the foliar spraying of major nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and

potassium as a method is highly efficient in absorbing these elements through

spraying techniques with nano-fertilizers. Which increasing the efficiency of absorption

of major nutrients, which resulted in the response of grape seedlings in increasing

vegetative growth spraying with nano-fertilizers (Mengel and Kirkby,2001and Alimam,

and Al-Qasim, 2022).

4. CONCLUSION

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The results of this study showed that the cultivar had a clear role in the average

height and diameter of the main stem of the seedling, the area of one leaf and the leaf

area of the seedling, especially for the grape cultivar Thompson Seedless, compared

with the Olivette noire cv.. The addition of nano NPK fertilizer at 4g.seedlings-1 or foliar

spraying with 2g.l-1 with nano NPK fertilizer singly or overlap with each other caused a

significant increase in the rates of length and diameter of the main stem of seedlings,

leaf area of

seedlings, chlorophyll and protein content in leaves and carbohydrate in

branches and the concentration of nutrients nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in

the petioles of the leaves.

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