ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF LAKE

ENVIRONMENTAL WATER POLLUTION ON

THE HEALTH OF OUTDOOR SWIMMERS

BASED ON STIRPAT ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT ASSESSMENT MODEL

Xiaogang Gong*

Information and Communication Branch of State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co.,

Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China

gongxiaogang@foxmail.com

Xinyu Wu

Information and Communication Branch of State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co.,

Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China

Xuxiang Zhou

Information and Communication Branch of State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co.,

Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China

Reception: 14/11/2022 Acceptance: 16/01/2023 Publication: 02/03/2023

Suggested citation:

G., Xiaogang, W., Xinyu and Z. Xuxiang. (2023). Analysis of the impact of lake

environmental water pollution on the health of outdoor swimmers based

on STIRPAT environmental impact assessment model. 3C TIC. Cuadernos

de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC, 12(1), 132-150. https://doi.org/

10.17993/3ctic.2023.121.132-150

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ABSTRACT

With the continuous development of China's economy, outdoor swimming has

become an indispensable sport for Chinese people thereupon. However, the pollution

of the outdoor water environment is capable of directly affecting the physical health of

outdoor swimming lovers. Given the above, this paper uses the Stochastic Impacts by

Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model to analyze

the environmental water pollution of lakes and study the influencing factors and

degree of physical health of outdoor swimming crowds. Moreover, this paper also

identifies the causes of water pollution in two respects, namely water pollution and

human pollution and analyzes from the perspectives of water quality monitoring

environment survey and questionnaire survey. The results show that the primary

factors affecting water quality contain weather, swimming crowd density and

environmental pollution around water areas, lake waters have direct and indirect

effects on human health, and the incidence of eye inflammation, itchy skin, stuffy

nose, sore throat, stomachache, nausea, earache, diarrhea, fever and vomiting are

36.4%, 30.3%, 29.5%, 26.5%, 21.2%, 20.1%, 20.1%, 17.0%, 14.8% and 12.9%

respectively.

KEYWORDS

Water environment pollution; Outdoor swimming; Sports crowd; Influence study;

Water quality monitoring.

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PAPER INDEX

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND DATA SOURCES

2.1. STIRPAT model

2.2. Data sources

3. CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

3.1. Characteristics of water environment pollution

3.2. Analysis of causes of water environment pollution

3.2.1. Water pollution

3.2.2. Human pollution

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Water quality monitoring and environmental survey results

4.1.1. Water quality monitoring methods

4.1.2. Environmental survey results

4.2. Questionnaire survey and results

4.2.1. Questionnaire survey method

4.2.2. Influence on the Health of the swimming population

4.2.3. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors affecting the health status of

the swimming population

5. DISCUSSION

6. CONCLUSION

7. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

8. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

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1. INTRODUCTION

With the continuous progress of science and technology, the ability of human

beings to intervene in nature is getting stronger and stronger. The natural environment

on which human beings depend for survival and development is also under enormous

pressure [1]. Various activities of human society discharge pollutants into the

environment, which not only seriously threaten human health, cause property loss, but

also damage the environmental resources themselves [2-3].

In recent years, the number of environmental pollution damages caused by water

pollution has risen sharply [4-5]. Such as the cadmium pollution incident in Beijing,

Guangdong in December 2005, the arsenic pollution incident in Yueyang, Hunan in

September 2006, the arsenic pollution incident in Yangzonghai in September 2008,

the Yancheng pollution incident in Jiangsu in February 2009, and the arsenic pollution

incident in July 2010. Zijin Mining Pollution Incident and Dalian Oil Spill Incident [6-7].

According to reports from the State Environmental Protection Administration

system, yearbooks, journals, literature and online media, between 2005 and 2010, 95

major environmental pollution accidents were committed. Water pollution incidents

caused by pollutant discharge have become an important type of accident that causes

damage to the water environment [8-9].

In recent years, a large number of scholars at home and abroad have carried out

related research on water environment pollution. Literature [10] has some innovations

in the overall theory of water environmental pollution. They break the traditional way of

thinking about water governance and use the theory of sustainable development to

explore new water pollution management models. They believe that achieving

effective protection and sustainable development is the focus of water pollution control

and improvement. They pointed out that to achieve water pollution control, we must

carry out the overall system and institutional innovation. Literature [11] and [12] put

forward the following viewpoints from the perspective of comprehensive management:

they believe that the management of water environment pollution is an important part

of human production activities. Comprehensive treatment is the most powerful

weapon for water pollution control. Literature [13] introduced the market governance

method into the process of water environment governance, emphasizing the

coordinated governance of various departments. Emission trading theory is a

theoretical development in the process of water environment pollution control. In

terms of governance methods, the literature [14] and [15] creatively put forward a new

concept. He believed that the previous water environment pollution control was an all-

powerful government-style governance. In the process of water pollution control, the

role of market participation has been emphasized. The main role of the people is

emphasized here, and it is hoped that the public can actively participate in water

pollution control. Literature [16] focuses more on the idea that the government guides

the whole society to govern, and believes that the degree of cooperation and

coordination between all parties in the society is an important factor affecting the

realization of high efficiency. References [17] and [18] believe that a government,

market, enterprises, farmers and social organizations can be constructed to

participate in the network governance mechanism of water pollution. Reference [19]

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introduces an environmental penalty function based on the evolutionary game model

analysis. Using this model, the distribution of water pollution loads in the Zarjub River

in northern Iran was analyzed. Reference [20] analyzes the influencing factors of rural

water pollution from the legal level. They argue that there is a Chinese rural water

pollution legislation dependent on the cities. References [21] and [22] compared the

investment in urban and rural environmental pollution control in 2013, and found that

the focus of water environmental pollution control is in cities, while the rural water

environment pollution control lacks investment. The study also shows that the uneven

distribution of urban and rural areas leads to significant differences in the effects of

urban and rural water pollution control. Literature [23], from the perspective of urban

development, believes that the acceleration of urbanization has changed the quality

and spatial distribution of water resources. Reference [24] took Hanji Township, Hubei

Province as a case study object, and tested the water quality of Hanji Township. The

main causes of water pollution are agricultural pollution, industrial pollution, domestic

sewage, and waste pollution. Finally, the management countermeasures and

suggestions are put forward. Reference [25] focuses on the current situation of rural

drainage facilities and proposes that the lack of rural drainage facilities leads to

improper sewage treatment, resulting in serious damage to the rural water

environment. Reference [26] starts from the institutional mechanism of rural water

environmental protection and proposes that the current rural water environmental

protection mechanism has gradually become rigid. Reference [27] starts with the

current situation of rural residents' understanding of water law and finds that rural

residents lack access to knowledge of water law. It can be seen that scholars from all

over the world regard water environment pollution as a major problem that affects the

sustainable development of society and economy and affects people's life and health.

Therefore, while promoting social and economic development, we must also do a

good job in the protection of the water environment. This has become an important

theme of economic development and reform in the new era [28-30].

With the rapid development of China's economy, people pay more and more

attention to the spiritual world. Outdoor sports have become indispensable sport for

the Chinese people. Outdoor swimming is especially sought after by outdoor sports

enthusiasts. Therefore, whether the water environment is polluted or not will directly

affect the health of outdoor swimming enthusiasts. This paper takes the water

environment of a suburban lake in a city in China as an example to study the impact

of typical water environment pollution on outdoor tourism and sports people. The

purpose is to analyze the pollution of the lake water environment in the suburbs of a

city and to study the impact on the outdoor swimming population after the water

environment is polluted.

2. MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND DATA SOURCES

In studying the influencing factors of water environmental pollution, some

researchers use different models to demonstrate. Different scholars have analyzed

the influencing factors and their degree of influence. In recent years, the research on

the STIRPAT model has become more and more extensive, and it is mainly applied to

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environmental problems caused by carbon emissions and energy consumption. In the

research on water environment pollution, some scholars have used the STIRPAT

model to analyze the influence factors and degree of influence of water environment

pollution on the health of the outdoor swimming population.

2.1. STIRPAT MODEL

The STIRPAT model refers to an extensible and random environmental impact

assessment model. This paper will use this model in the subsequent empirical

analysis to empirically analyze the environmental pollution of lakes in the suburbs of a

city, the factors that affect the health of outdoor swimming people and their degree of

influence. The STIRPAT model is an extension of the IPAT model. The initial form of

the model can be expressed as:

(1)

In the above formula, is the environmental pressure,

is the number of

swimmers, is the wealth of a city, and is the technological progress.

The model believes that the environmental pressure is determined by the scale of

the number of swimmers , the affluence of a city , and technological progress .

Due to the limitations of this model in the application, many scholars have modified

the nonlinear regression model STIRPAT model obtained by the IPAT model. The

standard form of the model can be expressed as:

(2)

The above formula, and

respectively represent the same meaning as

formula (1), and

the model influence coefficient and the index of each

variable respectively,

is the random error term. In practical applications, to reduce

the influence of heteroscedasticity, logarithm processing is performed on both sides of

the formula (2). To facilitate the expression of each coefficient, it is expressed by .

After processing, a linear model is obtained. The linear model can be expressed as:

(3)

The above linear model was used to realize the analysis of factors affecting the

health of the outdoor swimming population by water environment pollution.

2.2. DATA SOURCES

Water pollution is mainly caused by population growth, rapid social and economic

development, and accelerated urbanization [31]. To comprehensively study the

influencing factors and degree of influence of China's water environment pollution, this

paper adds industrial structure, water consumption structure, urbanization and other

indicators based on formula (3), so formula (3) is further extended to formula (4), that

is, the extended linear regression equation of the STIRPAT model can be expressed

as:

(4)

I=P×A×T

I=aPbAcTde

I,P,A

a,b,c

ln I =β0+β1ln P +β2ln A +β3ln T +e

ln I =β0+β1ln P +β2ln A +β3ln T +β4l n ur +β5l n st +β6ln cs

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Formula (4),

is the water environment quality. In this paper, the total amount of

wastewater discharge, COD value and ammonia nitrogen discharge is used as water

pollution indicators; is the population size;

is the wealth level, expressed by per

capita GDP;

is the technical level, expressed by the intensity of wastewater

discharge;

is the urbanization rate, expressed by the proportion of the urban

population to the total population;

is the water consumption structure, expressed by

the proportion of domestic water consumption to total water;

is the industrial

structure, expressed by the industrial output value Expressed as a percentage of

G D P.

When China studies water pollution, the main statistical indicators include total

wastewater discharge, COD discharge and ammonia nitrogen discharge [32].

According to the research on water environment pollution by Chinese scholars, this

paper uses the total amount of wastewater discharge, COD discharge, and ammonia

nitrogen discharge as indicators to measure China's water environment pollution, and

conducts model test analysis with various water environment pollution factors. The

degree of influence of environmental pollution factors on water pollution [33]. The

water environment pollution evaluation index system is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Evaluation index system of water environment pollution

The data comes from the 2009-2018 "China Statistical Yearbook", "China

Environmental Statistical Yearbook" and the statistical yearbooks of various provinces,

municipalities and autonomous regions.

Criterion layer Indicator layer Interpretation of indicators

Outdoor swimmers on

the rise

Number of people swimming

outdoors (P) Minimum number of swimmers

Socioeconomic

development

Urban affluence (A) GDP per capita

Techinque level (T) Wastewater discharge intensity

Urbanization rate (ur) The proportion of the number of swimmers to

the total number of people

Industrial structure (cs) Industrial output as a share of GDP

Swimmers swimming

habits Swimming habits (st) The proportion of domestic water

consumption in total water

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3. CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF WATER

POLLUTION

3.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER ENVIRONMENT

POLLUTION

The water pollutants in the lake area in the suburbs of a city are mainly phosphorus

and nitrogen indicators. Judging from the monitoring results of the four factors of total

phosphorus, total nitrogen, transparency and PH value, which are the evaluation

indicators of the nutritional status of the lake, the lake water in the suburban lake area

of a certain city is still in a state of eutrophication, with the appearance of periodic

intensive growth of aquatic plants and peculiar smell in the water body, resulting in the

deterioration of the lake water environment quality in the suburban lake area of a city

and affecting the landscape of the lake area [34]. In terms of time distribution, the

pollution degree in the suburban lake area of a certain city has strong regularity, and it

mostly occurs between May and July every year, in terms of spatial distribution,

artificial lakeshore areas are the main areas.

3.2. ANALYSIS OF CAUSES OF WATER ENVIRONMENT

POLLUTION

3.2.1. WATER POLLUTION

Water eutrophication is a phenomenon of water pollution caused by excessive

nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients in the water body. Crazy growth destroys the

flow of material and energy in the system and gradually deteriorates the water

ecosystem.

In the water body of a suburban lake area of a city, the external input of nutrient

salts and the release of nutrients in the bottom of the lake area are important factors

that cause the water quality in the lake area on the outskirts of a city to show a rich

state, and at the same time, the eutrophication of natural water bodies is related to the

changes in physical factors such as light, temperature, and dissolved oxygen [35].

The water in a lake area in the suburbs of a city is eutrophic, which mostly occurs

from May to July every year (usually during stratification in summer). At this time,

there is sufficient sunshine and the highest ambient temperature during the day is

generally maintained in the range of 25℃-33℃

, basically meeting the external

climatic conditions of water eutrophication.

Nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, etc. in the lake water body mainly come

from the following aspects:

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(1) The phosphorus released by the dead aquatic organisms and the decaying

rhizomes of aquatic plants in the lake, and its humus is deposited on the bottom of the

water, resulting in the enrichment of nutrients, and released under specific

environmental conditions, resulting in the water quality of the lake area is rich in

nutrients, this phenomenon is especially directly affected by phosphorus. In the water

body of a lake area on the outskirts of a city, the change in phosphorus content will

directly dominate the production of a certain type or several types of aquatic plants,

and when phosphorus is the limiting factor, the increase of phosphorus will create

favorable conditions for the large reproduction of aquatic organisms such as aquatic

plants, directly affecting the degree of eutrophication of water quality [36].

(2) The mass reproduction and death of aquatic organisms such as aquatic plants

will consume a large amount of oxygen in the water body, resulting in further

deterioration of water quality. The decrease of dissolved oxygen in various water

layers in the lake area was significantly related to the increase in total phosphorus

content. Nutrients at all levels in the lake will release nitrogen and phosphorus when

they secrete, excrete, and transform and release organic matter, which is also the

source of nutrients. During the transformation and release of organic matter, at the

same time as bacteria decompose them, it is returned to water bodies and sediments

to be released under specific environmental conditions. The faster the aquatic plants

reproduce and the more vigorous the activity, the more they will promote the release

of nitrogen and phosphorus in the substrate.

(3) The supply of lakes and lakes in the suburbs of a city mainly comes from the

surface water in the suburbs of a city, and the water also contains excess nitrogen,

which mainly comes from the excessive application of fertilizers, agricultural wastes

and domestic pollutants in agricultural production. Surface water mainly exists in the

form of phosphate [37].

(4) Some tourists have uncivilized travel habits. Tourists throw bait and garbage

into the lake area at will and artificially add phosphorus and nitrogen to the lake area.

3.2.2. HUMAN POLLUTION

Pollution is caused by the swimmer's secretions, excrement, etc. to the water body

when swimming. In addition, it also includes that after people with certain infectious

diseases or bacteria (viruses) enter the swimming pool, pathogenic factors are

brought into the swimming pool, mainly from the digestive tract and body surface of

the swimmer. Such as saliva, sweat, urine, tears and other secretions and excretions.

The specific sources are the following:

(1) Urinary leakage occurs when the bladder contracts involuntarily due to cold

contraction, and the amount of urine leakage for adults is generally 50ml. According to

the survey, those who urinate during swimming account for about 3.5~5.0% of the

swimmers, that is, one person urinates for every 20 swimmers. The more swimmers in

the pool, the higher the urination rate, so urine is one of the main sources of

swimming pool water pollution [38-39].

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(2) Swimmers spit the water from the entrance into the pool together with saliva

from time to time when swimming. The saliva may contain pathogenic bacteria or

viruses, thus causing the pollution of the swimming pool water quality.

(3) Sweat is also a source of pool water pollution. According to Japan's Liuye

report, the average person sweats 100ml/h when swimming in summer, and the

amount of sweat increase with the increase of exercise. Although the amount of tear

and other secretions is small, because there are often a variety of pathogenic factors

such as germs and viruses in these secretions, it is also an important factor in

polluting the water environment.

(4) In addition, the CO2

in the exhaled breath of the swimmer, together with the

secretions and excrement of the human body, can change the PH value of the water

quality in the water environment, thus affecting the sanitation of the water quality.

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

To analyze the impact of water environmental pollution on the outdoor swimming

population, this paper conducted a water quality test on the lake waters in the suburbs

of a city and investigated the waters and the surrounding environment. At the same

time, the outdoor swimming population was divided into a swimming group and a non-

swimming group, and a questionnaire survey and statistical analysis were carried out

for these two groups.

4.1. WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND ENVIRONMENTAL

SURVEY RESULTS

4.1.1. WATER QUALITY MONITORING METHODS

According to the "Technical Regulations for Lake Water Environment

Monitoring" (2002), 3 monitoring points are set up in the suburban lake waters, among

which monitoring point 1 is a peripheral point susceptible to pollution, monitoring point

2 is a crowded area, and monitoring point 3 is a less polluted area. In deep water

points, 2 parallel samples were collected from each monitoring point. From 3 to 5 pm

from May 28 to June 3, 2021, by GB 17378.4-1998 "Lake Monitoring Specification

Part 4: Lake Water Analysis", sampling and microbial and physical index analysis was

carried out, using C200 type automatic water quality analysis Instrument for general

chemical index analysis. Detection indicators include fecal coliforms, color,

transparency, PH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, floating matter and chemical oxygen

consumption (COD).

4.1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY RESULTS

There is basically no industrial and agricultural sewage discharge near the lakes in

the suburbs of a city, and there is scattered non-point source pollution, which is mainly

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caused by the domestic garbage brought by restaurants and tourists washed by

rainwater. Therefore, changes in weather conditions and the number of tourists are

the main reasons for the changes in pollutant discharge. The maximum number of

people during the investigation period is 500-800 person-times, and the minimum is

100-200 person-times. 42 lake water samples were collected, and the lake water

chromaticity was normal. The chromaticity of monitoring points 1, 2, and 3 were

(15.00±3.90), (14.28±1.20), and (11.42±1.45) NTU, from near-land point to deep

water. The point gradually becomes smaller; the PH value is 8.01~8.10; the salinity is

31‰~33‰; the transparency is >30cm, the water temperature is normal, and there is

no thermal pollution source around. Table 2 shows the water quality test results of

each monitoring point in the suburban lakes of a city.

Table 2. The water quality test results of each monitoring point in the suburban lakes of a city

Table 2 shows that in terms of dissolved oxygen and oxygen-consuming substance

content, the dissolved oxygen content of monitoring points 1 and 3 are (6.51 ± 2.16)

and (6.71 ± 1.90) mg/L, respectively, reaching the lake water quality class I standard.

Monitoring point 2, the dissolved oxygen content is (5.60±2.01) mg/L, which meets the

Ⅱ water quality standard. The chemical oxygen consumption (COD) of monitoring

points 1, 2, and 3 were (2.70±0.14), (3.40±0.14) and (3.05±0.09) mg/L in turn,

reaching the lake water quality class II standard.

In terms of nitrogen content, inorganic nitrogen can indicate the status of lake water

being polluted by domestic wastewater, etc., and ammonia nitrogen exceeding the

standard indicates the existence of new pollution. The inorganic nitrogen of 2 samples

exceeded the standard of class II lake water, and the exceeding rate was 4.7%,

indicating that the seawater was recently polluted. The nitrate nitrogen content of

monitoring points 1, 2 and 3 is 0.16 mg/L~0.17 mg/L, and the inorganic nitrogen

content is 0.05 mg/L~0.45 mg/L.

In terms of biological indicators, there is no suspended matter in the lake water in

the suburbs of a certain city, and there is white suspended matter in the lake water at

certain times, mainly jellyfish, which are unique to the region in May and June. Fecal

coliforms <156/L, reaching the class I standard of lake water quality.

The results of this survey show that the inorganic nitrogen in the lake water reaches

the standard of lake water category II and meets the requirement of swimming water.

Dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform and PH value can reach the standard of lake water

category Ⅰ. The results of the environmental survey of the lake water show that there

Monitoring

points PH value Chroma

(NTU)

Dissolved

oxygen

(mg/L)

Nitrate

nitrogen

(mg/L)

COD (mg/L)

Inorganic

nitrogen

(mg/L)

Fecal

coliforms

(pcs/L)

Monitoring

points1 8.10±0.08 15.00±3.90 6.51±2.16 0.16±0.02 2.70±0.14 0.21±0.02 36.0±7.60

Monitoring

points2 8.09±0.07 14.28±1.20 5.60±2.01 0.17±0.03 3.40±0.14 0.19±0.02 36.0±6.07

Monitoring

points3 8.01±0.10 11.42±1.45 6.71±1.90 0.16±0.03 3.05±0.09 0.21±0.03 35.0±6.69

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is surface source pollution such as the catering industry in the lake area, and the

dissolved oxygen content in the water is (1.63±0.63) mg/L. The density of swimmers

at monitoring point 2 is the largest, and the dissolved oxygen content in its water is the

lowest, at (5.60±2.01) mg/L. Therefore, the weather, the density of swimmers and the

environment around the lake water are the main factors affecting water quality.

4.2. QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY AND RESULTS

4.2.1. QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY METHOD

The field population in a suburban lake was taken as the survey object, and the

questionnaire was formulated and revised according to the actual situation. The

questionnaire contains a total of 42 individual choices, which are divided into two

parts: the on-site questionnaire survey and the follow-up questionnaire after 7 days.

The contents of the investigation included whether there were any changes in the

respiratory tract, digestive tract, eyes, ears, nose, chest tightness, tinea pedis, skin

infection symptoms and changes in mental state, which were completed within 2

consecutive days. The follow-up questionnaire was conducted by telephone, E-mail,

QQ group, WeChat group, etc., and was conducted 7 days after the on-site

investigation.

The investigators of this questionnaire survey are all trained and qualified medical

students. Before the survey, 60 members of the swimming association and 50

students of the school were organized to conduct a preliminary survey, and the

questions in the survey questionnaire were improved. Unify the standards during the

investigation, and eliminate abnormal data during data entry. Monitoring data are

represented by

. Through the above STIRPAT environmental impact

assessment model, the health influencing factors and influence degree of the outdoor

swimming population were assessed. SPSS 10.0 statistical software was used for

data entry, and test and Logistic regression analysis was performed. The difference

was statistically significant .

4.2.2. INFLUENCE ON THE HEALTH OF THE SWIMMING

POPULATION

A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed in this survey, 491 were recovered,

408 were valid questionnaires, and the response rate was over 90%. In this paper, the

population was divided into swimming and non-swimming groups, and on-site

questionnaires were administered to the swimming and non-swimming groups,

respectively. Follow-up questionnaires were conducted again after 7d. The results of

the survey were summarized for both groups and finally, the number of people in both

groups who developed symptoms and the incidence were analyzed. A comparison of

the incidence of different symptoms in the swimming and non-swimming groups is

shown in Figure 1.

¯x±s

P< 0.05

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Figure 1. Comparison of the incidence of different symptoms between the swimming group

and the non-swimming group.

As can be seen from Figure 1, 264 people in the swimming group suffered from

itchy skin, fever, nasal congestion, runny nose, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, sore

throat, earache, diarrhea and eye inflammation, while the number of people in the

non-swimming group found such symptoms for 144 people. In addition, the number

and incidence of any symptom in the swimming group were higher than those in the

non-swimming group. The most obvious one was: in terms of skin itching symptoms,

the number and incidence of the swimming group were 57% higher than those in the

non-swimming group. people, 14.3%. In terms of nasal congestion and runny nose,

the number and incidence of the swimming group were 51 and 10.7% higher than

those of the non-swimming group. In terms of symptoms of nausea, the number and

incidence of the swimming group were 43 and 13.2% higher than those of the non-

swimming group. In terms of inflammation, the number and incidence of the swimming

group were 57 and 14.3% higher than those of the non-swimming group, respectively.

According to the above data, the number and incidence of skin itching, fever, nasal

congestion, runny nose, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, sore throat, earache,

diarrhea and eye inflammation in the swimming group were higher than those in the

non-swimming group. The incidences of itching, nasal congestion and runny nose,

nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, sore throat, eye inflammation and diarrhea were

significantly different ( or ), while there was no statistical difference

P< 0.05

P< 0.01

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in the incidence of fever and earache between the two groups. academic significance

().

4.2.3. LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS

AFFECTING THE HEALTH STATUS OF THE SWIMMING

POPULATION

Taking the symptoms of the population (whether there is the respiratory tract,

digestive tract, eyes, ears, nose, chest tightness, tinea pedis, skin infection symptoms

and mental state, etc.), wearing earplugs, swimming goggles, etc.) were used as

independent variables, and a two-class logistic regression analysis was performed.

The logistic regression multivariate analysis of the risk factors for the health status of

the swimming population is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Logistic regression multivariate analysis of risk factors for the health status of the

swimming population

Table 3 shows that the main risk factors for skin itching symptoms in the population

include swimming (OR value 3.925, 95%CI: 1.830-8.417) and swallowing lake water

(OR value: 4.023, 95%CI: 1.752-9.236). Statistical significance (

), which

indicates that swimming and swallowing lake water sentences can increase the risk of

skin itching in the population; the risk factors for eye inflammation in the population

include swimming (OR value: 2.535, 95%CI: 1.362~4.718) and swimming Without

diving glasses (OR value: 2.433, 95% CI: 1.271-4.661), the difference was statistically

significant ( ), indicating that swimming and swimming without diving glasses

can increase the risk of eye inflammation in the population.

5. DISCUSSION

The disposal of water environmental pollution incidents, especially the restoration

and assessment of water environmental damage, is a blank field in China, and there

is a lack of systematic research on the relevant assessment method systems. This

paper takes the water environment of a lake in the suburbs of a city as an example to

study the impact of the polluted water environment of the lake on the health of outdoor

P< 0.05

Symptom Influencing

factors βvalue SE Wald

value P value OR value 95%CI

Itchy skin

Swim 1.367 389 12.337 0 3.925 1.830-8.417

Swallow lake

water 1.392 424 10.771 1 4.023 1.752-9.236

Eye

inflammation

Swim 0.93 317 8.618 3 2.535 1.362-4.718

Not wearing

diving glasses 889 332 7.193 7 2.433 1.271-4.661

P< 0.01

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sports swimmers. However, it does not involve the process of China's disposal of

water pollution incidents, as well as the related content of the concept and

assessment method of environmental damage assessment. Therefore, in the future

research direction, it is mainly China's research on the disposal process of water

environmental pollution incidents, the concept and assessment method of

environmental damage assessment, which has important theoretical significance and

technical support for the establishment of environmental damage restoration and

assessment method system, the development of environmental damage assessment

method practice, and the construction of environmental economic policy system. The

protection of the water environment not only protects human survival, social progress

and economic development, but also sustains the need for a good ecological

environment. Lake bathing is best to wear waterproof goggles as well as ear plugs,

etc., use water to rinse the whole body immediately after bathing and use eye drops

and ear drops for prevention if necessary. At the same time, we should strengthen the

monitoring of the density of the swimming crowd and control the surface source

pollution to protect the physical and mental health of the crowd.

6. CONCLUSION

This paper takes the water environment of a suburban lake in a city as an example

to study the impact of the polluted water environment on the health of outdoor sports

swimmers. And analyzed from two aspects of water quality monitoring and

questionnaire survey. Finally, the influencing factors of water environment pollution on

the outdoor tourism population are studied:

(1) Judging from the results of water quality monitoring and environmental

investigation, the inorganic nitrogen in the waters of the lake reaches the class II

standard of lake water, which meets the requirements for swimming water. Dissolved

oxygen, fecal coliform and PH value can reach the class I standard of lake water. The

survey results of the lake water environment show that there is non-point source

pollution such as food and beverages near the lake waters, especially on rainy days,

and the dissolved oxygen content in the water is (1.63±0.63) mg/L. The density of

swimmers at monitoring point 2 was the highest, and the dissolved oxygen content in

its water was the lowest, which was (5.60±2.01) mg/L, which shows that weather,

swimming population density and environmental pollution around the water are the

main factors affecting water quality.

(2) According to the questionnaire survey, lake waters have direct and indirect

effects on people's health (including skin, respiratory tract, stomach, eyes, ears, etc.).

The main symptoms are itchy skin, fever, nasal congestion, runny nose, nausea,

vomiting, stomach pain, sore throat, earache, diarrhea, and eye inflammation.

(3) The results of the questionnaire survey show that polluted lake waters can have

adverse effects on the health of the population. The main manifestations were eye

inflammation at 36.4%, skin itching at 30.3%, nasal congestion and runny nose at

29.5%, sore throat at 26.5%, stomach pain at 21.2%, and nausea at 20.1%, the

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incidence of ear pain was 20.1%, the incidence of diarrhea was 17.0%, the incidence

of fever was 14.8%, and the incidence of vomiting was 12.9%.

It can be seen that the impact of lake water quality on the health of the population is

related to the swimming habits of the swimming population. Lake bathing is best to

wear waterproof goggles as well as ear plugs, etc., use water to rinse the whole body

after bathing and use eye drops and ear drops for prevention if necessary. At the

same time, we should strengthen the monitoring of the density of the swimming crowd

and control the surface source pollution to protect the physical and mental health of

the crowd.

7. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/

supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

8. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any

commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of

interest.

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